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Questions and Answers
What is the legal principle that emphasizes the need to consider less restrictive placements for students with disabilities before resorting to more segregated settings?
What is the legal principle that emphasizes the need to consider less restrictive placements for students with disabilities before resorting to more segregated settings?
Which landmark Supreme Court case established a clear judicial preference for educational integration for students with disabilities?
Which landmark Supreme Court case established a clear judicial preference for educational integration for students with disabilities?
Which of these is NOT considered a supplemental aid or service that can be provided to a student with disabilities in a general education classroom?
Which of these is NOT considered a supplemental aid or service that can be provided to a student with disabilities in a general education classroom?
What is the legal basis for requiring school districts to provide a 'free appropriate public education' (FAPE) to students with disabilities?
What is the legal basis for requiring school districts to provide a 'free appropriate public education' (FAPE) to students with disabilities?
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Based on the information provided, why is excluding a student with disabilities from a general education classroom justified only in specific circumstances?
Based on the information provided, why is excluding a student with disabilities from a general education classroom justified only in specific circumstances?
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Which of these statements is TRUE regarding modifications to classroom curriculum, services, or practices for students with disabilities?
Which of these statements is TRUE regarding modifications to classroom curriculum, services, or practices for students with disabilities?
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Which of the following cases addressed the legal basis for providing religious instruction in public schools?
Which of the following cases addressed the legal basis for providing religious instruction in public schools?
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Which of these is the most likely reason that a student with disabilities would be placed in a more segregated setting?
Which of these is the most likely reason that a student with disabilities would be placed in a more segregated setting?
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What is the main purpose of a 504 plan?
What is the main purpose of a 504 plan?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the age limitations of IDEA and Section 504?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the age limitations of IDEA and Section 504?
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What must a 504 plan include to be effective?
What must a 504 plan include to be effective?
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Which of the following best defines how disabilities are interpreted under Section 504?
Which of the following best defines how disabilities are interpreted under Section 504?
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What is a requirement for schools under Section 504 regarding the education of students with disabilities?
What is a requirement for schools under Section 504 regarding the education of students with disabilities?
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How does Section 504 relate to IDEA in terms of eligibility for services?
How does Section 504 relate to IDEA in terms of eligibility for services?
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What does IDEA specifically provide for students?
What does IDEA specifically provide for students?
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What role do individuals assigned in a 504 plan play?
What role do individuals assigned in a 504 plan play?
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What does 'reasonable accommodations' refer to in the context of Section 504?
What does 'reasonable accommodations' refer to in the context of Section 504?
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Which of these is considered a 'major life activity'?
Which of these is considered a 'major life activity'?
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Which of the following is NOT a potential 'reasonable accommodation' for a student with a disability under Section 504?
Which of the following is NOT a potential 'reasonable accommodation' for a student with a disability under Section 504?
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What is the implication of the statement "...a student with severe allergies, for example, would be eligible for special assistance or accommodations under Section 504 although unlikely that he or she would be eligible to receive services under IDEA"?
What is the implication of the statement "...a student with severe allergies, for example, would be eligible for special assistance or accommodations under Section 504 although unlikely that he or she would be eligible to receive services under IDEA"?
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What is the primary purpose of 'reasonable accommodations' as mentioned in the text?
What is the primary purpose of 'reasonable accommodations' as mentioned in the text?
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The text implies that 'reasonable accommodations' under Section 504 are intended to be:
The text implies that 'reasonable accommodations' under Section 504 are intended to be:
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Which of the following is an example of a 'related service' that a student with a disability might receive under IDEA?
Which of the following is an example of a 'related service' that a student with a disability might receive under IDEA?
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Which of these statements is TRUE about the relationship between Section 504 and IDEA?
Which of these statements is TRUE about the relationship between Section 504 and IDEA?
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Flashcards
Major Life Activities
Major Life Activities
Activities such as walking, seeing, and learning, broadly defined under disability law.
Reasonable Accommodations
Reasonable Accommodations
Changes to the environment or approach to ensure individuals with disabilities can participate.
Section 504
Section 504
A civil rights law ensuring equal treatment and reasonable accommodations for people with disabilities in schools.
IDEA
IDEA
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Eligibility Criteria for IDEA
Eligibility Criteria for IDEA
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Occupational Therapy
Occupational Therapy
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Special Education Services
Special Education Services
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Behavior Management Plans
Behavior Management Plans
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FAPE
FAPE
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Accommodation Plan
Accommodation Plan
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Co-education
Co-education
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Disability Definition (IDEA)
Disability Definition (IDEA)
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Disability Definition (Section 504)
Disability Definition (Section 504)
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Ages Covered
Ages Covered
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Oberti v. Board of Education
Oberti v. Board of Education
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Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)
Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)
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General Education Classroom
General Education Classroom
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Supplementary Aids and Services
Supplementary Aids and Services
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Educational Integration
Educational Integration
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Exclusion Justification
Exclusion Justification
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Judicial Preference
Judicial Preference
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Agostini v. Felton
Agostini v. Felton
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Study Notes
Introduction to Exceptionality
- Book title: Society in Contemporary Special Education
- Authors: Richard M. Gargiulo and Emily C. Bouck
- Edition: Seventh
- Focuses on the interaction of various forces (e.g., litigation, legislation) that shaped contemporary special education and the importance of considering individual differences, including inter and intra-individual differences, in instruction and service delivery.
Policies, Practices, and Programs
- Many current special education policies, procedures, and practices are a result of litigation and legislation.
- Judicial action and legislative enactments have transformed special education in the last few decades, providing fundamental rights for children with disabilities.
- The evolution of rights for students with disabilities was a slow process; past educational practices did not always meet the needs of these students, leading to legal challenges and changes in policy.
- Early cases, like Brown v. Board of Education (1954), influenced later litigation regarding students with disabilities.
- Key legislation includes the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) (1975, revised) and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, and the Americans with Disabilities Act.
- IDEA has had significant impact on special education policies, ensuring free appropriate public education, nondiscriminatory assessment practices, and least restrictive environments.
- Learning objectives cover topics such as identifying historical court cases, summarizing IDEA components, explaining 504 and ADA and their legislative intent, comparing different assessment types, understanding steps in referral for special education services, and defining key terms.
Key Judicial Decisions
- Landmark special education court cases, from the 1960s and 1970s, have profoundly impacted special education policies and procedures.
- Landmark cases include Brown v. Board of Education (1954), Diana v. State Board of Education (1970), Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (1972), Mills v. Board of Education (1972), Larry P. v. Riles (1979), Lau v. Nichols (1974), Armstrong v. Kline (1979), Tatro v. State of Texas (1980), Hendrick Hudson Central School District v. Rowley (1982), and Daniel R. R. v. State Board of Education (1989).
- These cases shaped legal standards related to a free appropriate public education for students with disabilities.
Understanding IDEA Reauthorizations (1986-1997)
- Public Law 99-457 (1986): Services for preschoolers aged 3-5 were mandated.
- Public Law 101-476 (1990): Renamed the law from "Education for All Handicapped Children Act" to "Individuals with Disabilities Education Act" (IDEA). Created the individualized family service plan (IFSP). Renamed autism and traumatic brain injury as discrete disability categories. Rehabilitation counseling and social work were considered related services, and immunity from lawsuits for violating IDEA was repealed.
- Public Law 105-17 (1997): Expanded related services, transition planning, and student accountability. Increased parental involvement and inclusion.
Educational Standards
- Educational reform has focused on accountability and enhanced academic excellence, influencing special education practices.
- Federal legislation, like the No Child Left Behind Act (2001), emphasizes academic achievement and data-driven instruction, impacting how special education aligns with the broader curriculum.
- The Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA 2004) aligns special education services with broader school reform efforts.
Civil Rights Legislation and Individuals with Disabilities
- Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 protects individuals with disabilities from discrimination in programs receiving federal funds.
- This contrasts from IDEA, which emphasizes a functional rather than categorical approach.
- The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) provides similar protections in both public and private sectors, covering a wider range of impairments.
- The ADA Amendments Act of 2008 (ADAA) broadened the interpretation of disability, extending protections.
Individual Differences
- Interindividual differences refer to variations among students; these are factors that distinguish each student from their peers.
- Intraindividual differences represent a student's unique pattern of strengths and weaknesses.
Referral & Assessment
- A referral is the first step in the special education process, typically initiated by a teacher or other professional.
- Prereferral interventions involve trying different strategies with a student before formal evaluation.
Designing Individualized Instruction
- Individualized Education Programs (IEPs) are legally mandated plans for students with disabilities; they focus on the child's needs and how the disability may affect their participation in the general education curriculum.
- IEP characteristics include measurable goals relevant to the educational and other needs of the child.
- Individualized family service plans (IFSPs) serve as similar programs for younger students during early intervention.
Service Delivery and Educational Placements
- Least restrictive environment (LRE) is a key principle that seeks to place students with disabilities in settings that are as close as possible to the general education classroom.
- Mainstreaming (a term less used): placed special education students in a general education classroom.
- Full inclusion is an approach to place all students with disabilities in general education settings, as appropriate accommodations are used to facilitate the student's learning processes.
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Description
Test your knowledge on key legal principles surrounding special education, including the rights of students with disabilities and relevant Supreme Court cases. This quiz covers topics like FAPE and inclusion practices in general education classrooms.
