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Questions and Answers
What are the three to six hours after death referred to?
What are the three to six hours after death referred to?
Which evidence is also known as real evidence?
Which evidence is also known as real evidence?
What is the type of evidence which helps the investigator in locating the suspect?
What is the type of evidence which helps the investigator in locating the suspect?
Explain what the Manikin Method does.
Explain what the Manikin Method does.
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What are the two categories of evidence needed to support a conviction?
What are the two categories of evidence needed to support a conviction?
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In a civil case, the burden of proof is on the defendant to prove their innocence.
In a civil case, the burden of proof is on the defendant to prove their innocence.
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Rigor Mortis is the most noticeable sign of death.
Rigor Mortis is the most noticeable sign of death.
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The cooling of the body after death is referred to as Livor Mortis.
The cooling of the body after death is referred to as Livor Mortis.
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Which of these is NOT a sign of death as mentioned in the document?
Which of these is NOT a sign of death as mentioned in the document?
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What is the most reliable method of determining heart action?
What is the most reliable method of determining heart action?
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What is the condition that is NOT a true death, but rather a transient loss of consciousness due to factors like disease?
What is the condition that is NOT a true death, but rather a transient loss of consciousness due to factors like disease?
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What is the significance of Post- Mortem Lividity in an investigation?
What is the significance of Post- Mortem Lividity in an investigation?
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What is the term used to describe the stiffening of the body after death?
What is the term used to describe the stiffening of the body after death?
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What happens to the body once Rigor Mortis has fully developed?
What happens to the body once Rigor Mortis has fully developed?
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What is the term for the stiffening of the body due to heat?
What is the term for the stiffening of the body due to heat?
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What occurs to the body when it's exposed to cold temperatures?
What occurs to the body when it's exposed to cold temperatures?
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Which of these is NOT a term used for Cadaveric Spasm?
Which of these is NOT a term used for Cadaveric Spasm?
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What is the process called in which complex proteins break down?
What is the process called in which complex proteins break down?
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Which part of the body is the first to be putrefied?
Which part of the body is the first to be putrefied?
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The uterus is a part of the body that putrefies early.
The uterus is a part of the body that putrefies early.
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Which of the following is NOT a special modification of putrefaction?
Which of the following is NOT a special modification of putrefaction?
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Describe the process of Adipocere Formation.
Describe the process of Adipocere Formation.
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The average decomposition time in the Philippines is around 24 to 48 hours.
The average decomposition time in the Philippines is around 24 to 48 hours.
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What is the main factor which allows us to determine if a death has happened more than 24 hours?
What is the main factor which allows us to determine if a death has happened more than 24 hours?
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In a drowning case, a flea cannot survive submerged in water for more than 24 hours.
In a drowning case, a flea cannot survive submerged in water for more than 24 hours.
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The presence of what can be a helpful indication of a crime?
The presence of what can be a helpful indication of a crime?
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The external appearance of a body cannot provide clues about the manner of death.
The external appearance of a body cannot provide clues about the manner of death.
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Which of these is NOT a category of wounds?
Which of these is NOT a category of wounds?
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Which of these is considered a Mortal Wound?
Which of these is considered a Mortal Wound?
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A bruise is referred to as a lacerated wound.
A bruise is referred to as a lacerated wound.
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What is a Coup Injury?
What is a Coup Injury?
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Explain Contre- Coup Injury.
Explain Contre- Coup Injury.
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What is the term used to describe a physical injury that occurs in the area that offers the least resistance to force?
What is the term used to describe a physical injury that occurs in the area that offers the least resistance to force?
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A wound that penetrates the body but doesn't exit is called a superficial wound.
A wound that penetrates the body but doesn't exit is called a superficial wound.
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A wound that completely passes through the body is called a perforating wound.
A wound that completely passes through the body is called a perforating wound.
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Which type of wound is often the result of self-defense?
Which type of wound is often the result of self-defense?
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A self-inflicted wound intends to end the person's life.
A self-inflicted wound intends to end the person's life.
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What is a petechiae?
What is a petechiae?
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What is a contusion?
What is a contusion?
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A hematoma is another term for a deep wound.
A hematoma is another term for a deep wound.
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What are the three elements of the fire triangle?
What are the three elements of the fire triangle?
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A diffusion flame is a flame in which the oxidizer combines with the fuel by diffusion.
A diffusion flame is a flame in which the oxidizer combines with the fuel by diffusion.
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What are the five stages of fire?
What are the five stages of fire?
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What are the three ways to extinguish a fire?
What are the three ways to extinguish a fire?
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What are the four elements of the fire tetrahedron?
What are the four elements of the fire tetrahedron?
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A fire that is intentionally set under circumstances where the person knows the fire should not be set, is which type of fire?
A fire that is intentionally set under circumstances where the person knows the fire should not be set, is which type of fire?
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A person is guilty of arson even if he sets fire to his own property for the purpose of committing the crime. What is this type of arson?
A person is guilty of arson even if he sets fire to his own property for the purpose of committing the crime. What is this type of arson?
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What are the three major factors a fire investigator concentrates on in determining motive?
What are the three major factors a fire investigator concentrates on in determining motive?
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A fire investigation should be confined to the specific area of the fire itself.
A fire investigation should be confined to the specific area of the fire itself.
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Which of the following is NOT a prima facie evidence of arson?
Which of the following is NOT a prima facie evidence of arson?
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What is the purpose of the BFP's Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) # 2008-01?
What is the purpose of the BFP's Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) # 2008-01?
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Study Notes
Special Crime Investigation with Legal Medicine
- Special crime investigations involve cases requiring unique training for understanding broad significance
- Examples include homicide, robbery, rape, sexual offenses, kidnapping, carnapping, bomb threats, illegal recruitment, terrorist activities
- Legal Medicine is a branch of medicine concerned with the application of medical knowledge for legal purposes, applying medicine to legal cases.
- Forensic Medicine is a medical science branch dealing with medical knowledge for legal issues arising in courts.
- Medical Jurisprudence: A legal branch where the medical profession's organization and regulation are governed to promote justice. It illustrates legal knowledge relevant to the medical field.
Medical Evidence
- Physical evidence interpretation, not the evidence itself, can be flawed. Human error in finding, studying and understanding evidence affects its value.
- Medical evidence comprises proof presented, including witness testimony, records, documents, physical items, etc., to convince a court of an issue's truth.
Types of Medical Evidence
- Autoptic or Real Evidence: Evidence directly perceived by the senses of the court
- Limitations to presenting autoptic evidence. Factors to consider include indecency, impropriety, and repulsiveness to sensitivities.
Testimonial Evidence
- A physician can be called upon to give testimony in a court setting.
- Ordinary witness: A physician who presents testimony based on personal observations during patient care
- Expert witness: A physician can give opinions based on training and experience, determining cause of death or other medical facts.
Other Types of Evidence
- Experimental Evidence: Court-allowed medical witness testimony to confirm or support previously expressed opinions.
- Documentary Evidence: Written records (documents, letters, figures, marks) which are presented to assist in legal cases.
- Physical Evidence: Found items related to an investigation, pertaining to perpetrator identification, the crime's context, or assisting in a criminal trial.
Different Types of Physical Evidence
- Corpus Delicti: Objects or substances related to a crime and possibly part of the victim's body.
- Associative Evidence: Physical evidence connecting a suspect to a crime.
- Tracing Evidence: Physical evidence helping investigators locate a suspect.
Methods of Preserving Evidence
- Photographs/audio/video recordings, microfilms, photostats, and voice recordings
- Accurate sketches of the scene/object to be preserved, including measurements
- Written descriptions of the person or object in precise detail
- Miniature recreations of scenes/human body parts, highlighting prominent features
Special Methods
- Whole body preservation using embalming, blood refrigeration in sealed containers with preservatives.
- Preserving stains using drying and sealed containers for preservation purposes
- Poison should be stored in sealed containers.
Kinds of Evidence Necessary to Support Conviction
- Direct Evidence: Proof directly establishing a fact without inferences, precisely addressing the issue at hand.
- Circumstantial Evidence: Indirect evidence from which a particular disputed fact can be inferred as a consequence, either singly or collectively.
Weight and Sufficiency of Evidence
- Preponderance of Evidence (civil cases): The burden of proof lies on the party establishing a case with superior or stronger evidence. Factors, like witness credibility, intelligence or opportunity to witness facts, are substantial.
- Proof beyond reasonable doubt (criminal cases): Accused is entitled to acquittal unless guilt is proven beyond doubt. Moral certainty is required.
Homicide Investigation
- Homicide is the unlawful killing of a person, excluded from parricide, murder, or infanticide. The crime requires specified circumstances.
- Elements:
- The killed person
- Offender killed without justifiable circumstances
- The offender intended to kill (presumed)
- The killing wasn't a qualifying circumstance (e.g., murder, parricide, or infanticide).
Murder
- Murder is the unlawful killing of a person, not defined as parricide or infanticide. Specified qualifying circumstances in the law are present.
- Elements:
- A person was killed
- The accused killed the person
- The killing had qualifying circumstances
- The killing was not parricide or infanticide.
Circumstances Constituting Murder
- Treachery: Taking advantage of superior strength or using means to weaken defense or security
- Premeditation: Deliberate intent and planning
- Cruelty: Deliberate increase in victim's suffering
- Taking advantage of a calamity (natural disaster)
- Reward or promise for committing murder
Parricide
- Parricide involves killing a parent, child, some ancestor, or spouse, specifically legitimate descendants, ascendants or spouse.
- Elements:
- A person was killed
- The accused killed the person
- The deceased is the father, mother, child, etc., of the accused (legitimate family relationship)
Infanticide
- Infanticide is the killing of a child under three days old, regardless of who the killer is.
- Elements
- A child was killed
- The child was less than three days old (72 hours)
- The accused killed the child
Homicide Investigation Procedures
- Homicide investigation involves discovering and documenting facts related to death type, deceased identity, the cause of death, and perpetrator motivation.
- The process involves examining the corpse, crime scene, and conducting post-mortem examinations.
Establishing the Facts of Death
- Medical professionals, not law enforcement, determine death to avoid errors.
- Death is the irreversible cessation of all vital functions.
- Dying is a continuous process, while death is a specific event.
Kinds of Death
- Somatic Death: Total, persistent cessation of brain, heart, and lung functions.
- Molecular/Cellular Death: Death (often gradual) of individual cells (occurs hours after somatic death)
- Apparent Death: Transient loss of consciousness or vital functions due to medical conditions
Signs of Death: Cessation of Heart Action and Circulation
- Palpating for a pulse at the wrist or neck
- Listening for heart sounds using a stethoscope
- Observing body parts in order to locate the heart and determining its rhythmic contraction and relaxation using a fluoroscopy method.
- Conducting electrical recordings of heartbeats using electrocardiography (ECG). This method is also known to have very little practical advantage for determining heart actions.
Examination of the Peripheral Circulation
- Magnus Test: Applying a ligature to a finger to test circulation.
- Opening of artery: Observing blood escape from a small artery.
- Icard's Test: Injecting fluorescein solution subcutaneously (under the skin).
- Pressure on fingernails: Observing paleness/lividity when pressure is applied.
Cessation of Respiration
- Voluntary breath-holding periods (divers, swimmers), up to two minutes.
- Cheyne-Stokes breathing: Apneic intervals limited.
- Apparent drowning, newborn infants
Methods of Detecting Cessation of Respiration
- Observing chest/abdominal movement
- Examining for breathing sounds using stethoscope.
- Observing movements with mirror.
- Using feathers/cottons to detect slight signs of breathing
- Magnifying breathing movements by observing reflections in a liquid (Winslow's test)
Cooling of the Body (Algor Mortis)
- After death, metabolic processes stop, and the body loses heat through evaporation/conduction.
- Rate of cooling varies but is initially rapid.
- Post-mortem caloricity: Increasing body temperature due to putrefaction
Insensibility of the Body and Loss of Power to Move
- After death, the body becomes insensible, unable to move voluntarily.
- Condition is observed alongside heart stoppage and breathing cessation.
Changes in the Skin Post-Morte
- The skin's appearance changes after death (pale, waxy).
- Loss of skin elasticity (flattened appearance over contact areas).
- Skin becomes opaque.
Changes in and About the Eye Post-Mortem
- Loss of corneal reflex (response to touch).
- Cornea clouding.
- Pupil position (fixed).
- Ophthalmoscopic findings ("tache noir" coloration)
Action of Heat on the Skin Post-Mortem
- Applying heat to a limb.
- A dry blister forms without fluid.
- No surrounding redness observed indicative of the body's death condition.
Identifying the Cadaver
- Establishing victim's identity is crucial for investigations.
- Identification uses records and post-mortem findings.
- Identifying potential motivations and tracing the perpetrator are related to the task of determining and associating background information to the victim.
Methods of Identification
- Comparison with records or post-mortem results
- Identification based on exclusion
Points Taken into Consideration When Finding a Corpse Elsewhere
- The location where the body was found
- Time/date of discovery
- Cause of death
- Time of death estimation
- Estimated age of victim
- Potential occupation
- Comprehensive description of the body
Points of Identification Applicable to a Living Person
- Easily changeable characteristics (hair/beard/mustache growth, clothing styles, professions, frequent visit locations, body decorations)
- Relatively unchanging characteristics (mental memory, speech patterns)
Gait Characteristics
- Gait abnormalities (e.g., Ataxic, Cerebellar, Cow's, Paretic, Spastic, Festinating, Frog, or Waddling Gait), indicative of disease.
- Mannerisms in walking patterns associated with disease or birth traits
Facies Characteristics
- Hippocratic (pinched nose, hollow temples, sunken eyes, cold lips, livid skin) indicative of impending death
- Mongolian (almond-shaped eyes, pale skin, pronounced cheekbones)
- Leonic (deeply furrowed, lion-like appearance)
- Myxedema (pale, swollen face, slow speech, tremor).
Degree of Nutrition
- Evaluating nutrition levels
Points of Identification Applicable to Both Living and Dead Before Decomposition
-
Race (skin color, facial features, skull type/shape)
-
Occupational marks
-
Stature
-
Tattoo marks
-
Weight
-
Deformities
-
Birthmarks, injuries
-
Moles, Scars
-
Tribal marks
-
Identifying sexual organs- Males with previous circumcised penises
-
Identifying sexual organ for females with signs of previous pregnancies (uterine/breast conditions)
-
Intersexuality
Light as a Factor in Identification
- Best visibility for identifying people in moonlight and starlight (ranges and limitations)
- Broad daylight recognition ranges
- Flash of firearm
- Flash of lightning
- Artificial lights relative to identification/visibility ranges
Determination of Time of Death
- Post-Mortem Lividity (Livor Mortis): Discoloration due to blood settling in dependent body areas
- Time of appearance (often 2-6 hours) and development/progression
- Identifying possible causes of death through lividity color
Types of Lividity
- Hypostatic and diffusion lividities - describing these forms of post-mortem lividities
- Importance/significance in determining time of death, body position after death, and potential cause/manner of death from lividity coloration
Post-Mortem Rigidity (Rigor Mortis)
- Body stiffening occurs 2-3 hours after death, fully developing 12 hours later.
- Rigor mortis lasts up to 36 hours before disappearing.
- Conditions that mimic rigor mortis, such as violent/heat exposure
Cadaveric Spasm (Instantaneous Rigor)
- Instantaneous muscular rigidity occurring at or near death
- Distinguishing it from rigor mortis
- Occurrence time
- Involving muscles
- Significance/importance
Autolytic/Autodigestive Changes After Death
- Autolytic/autodigestive changes occur immediately, starting with only particular muscles.
- Changes may be asymmetrically distributed. Significance in medico-legal cases and crime investigation.
Putrefaction of the Body
- Putrefaction is the decomposition of complex proteins into simpler components; this results in foul smelling gases.
- External/internal changes during putrefaction in chronological order (examples/locations of early putrefaction).
Special Modification of Putrefaction
- Mummification: Dehydration
- Saponification (adipocere formation): Fatty tissue transformations
- Maceration: Tissue softening in liquid mediums (often related to fetal death/stillbirths)
Onset of Decomposition
- Decomposition time ranges from 24 to 48 hours in tropical countries, due to body softness, and emission of foul smelling froths
- Entomological/insect (e.g. flies) stages can estimate time of death
Changes in the Stomach
- Time taken for the stomach to empty its content in normal conditions (3-4 hours)
- Presence of live fleas in clothing (24 hrs submersion limit).
- Blood clotting/decoagulation timeline
- Soft tissue disappearance time (1-2 years after burial)
Examination of the Cadaver at the Crime Scene
- External post-mortem characteristics (lividity, wounds) are important to determine position after death, nature of the crime, the murder weapon, and manner of use.
- Determining defense wounds from self-protection
- Absence of defense wounds not automatically excluding possibility of self-defense attempts
Physical Injury Causes
- Physical injury effects from different damaging stimuli on the human body
- Physical/violent injuries, heat/cold, electrical/chemical/radioactive/pressure changes, infections
Wound Classification
-
Mortal wounds (causing immediate death due to location). Examples include heart, major blood vessels, brain, spinal cord, stomach, lungs, liver, spleen, intestine
-
Non-mortal wounds (not leading quickly to death)
-
Classification by instrument used (e.g., blunt, sharp, pointed)
Wound Classification by Depth
- Superficial wounds: Affect only skin layers
- Deep/penetrating wounds: Reaching beyond skin to internal structures
- Perforating wounds: Wounding agents passing through hollow organs
Wound Classification Concerning Force Application
- Coup injury: Injury directly at the force application location
- Contre-coup injury: Injury on the opposite side of force application
- Locus Minoris Resistencia: Injuries where the soft tissue/body part offers the least resistance against a certain force/violence
Special Wound Types
- Defense wound
- Patterned wound
- Self-inflicted wound
Types of Wounds - Closed Wounds
- Superficial wounds (bruises/blemishes)
- Petechiae (small pinpoint hemorrhages)
- Contusion (bruise due to blood vessel rupture).
- Hematoma (blood collection in a cavity beneath the skin).
Gunshot Wounds
- Gunshot wound characteristics (entry/exit wounds, damage, explosive gas, distance to target). In cases involving criminal activity (vs. accidents or suicides), the site, distance, and signs/disturbances of other struggles may be good clues.
Determining Gunshot Wound Type
- Suicidal:
- Single shot wounds (mostly to head region)
- Burning/singeing near wounds indicative of proximity to a firearm
- Decedent's ability to inflict further wounds after an initial wound is a significant factor (particularly with gunshot wounds in the head region, which suggests that the person may not have enough control after the initial wound to be able to inflict the additional wound).
- Homicidal:
- Entry/exit wounds without indication of the firearm's location on the crime scene.
- Signs of struggle on the victims.
- Lacking the presence of a firearm in the crime scene.
- Accidental:
- Location of the entry/exit wounds consistent with the body's movement and the firearm's position
- Absence of violent signs on the crime scene
Death by Hanging and Strangulation
- Determining if hanging is suicide, homicide, or accident. Factors include ligature type, body position, and defense wounds
- Locating the fibers of hanging ropes
- Presence of struggles (wounds/body position)
- Location of injuries
Accidental Hanging
- Hanging as a non-common form of accident (usually caused by entrapment)
Rape and Sex Crimes Investigation
- Rape investigation poses special challenges to investigators regarding the victim, witnesses, and offenders' psychological well-being.
- Interviewing requires compassion and skill.
Rape: When and How it's Committed?
- Definition (carnal knowledge with specified circumstances)
- Circumstances of rape (force, threat, unconsciousness, other)
Elements of Rape
- Legality of the offender (specific category of people)
- Carnal/sexual knowledge of victim
- Circumstances of rape (force, threat, unconsciousness)
Statutory Rape
- Statutory rape occurs when the victim is below a specific legal age, and consent is immaterial.
Acts of Lasciviousness
- Lascivious acts committed against a non-consenting party
Qualified Seduction
- Seduction of a virgin under age limits by authorized/trusted individuals
Simple Seduction
- Seduction of a non-virgin (or virgin of lesser repute/under guardianship/in an unsuitable context)
Forcible Abduction
- unlawfully taking away of a woman with sexual intent
Consented Abduction
- Legally-acceptable taking away of a woman with her consent
Concepts about Sex Crimes
- Common sex crimes' origins/motivations (e.g., gratification via unusual methods)
- Common themes among sex criminals (including those relating to objects, rituals, fantasy, etc.)
Determining the Condition of Virginity
- Determining physical conditions (breasts, vaginal canals, labia majora/minora, fourchette, hymen)
- Methods of examination/observations
Types of Virginity
- Moral Virginity: Not knowing sexual nature and experiences
- Physical Virginity: Non-experienced sexual intercourse
True Physical/False Physical Virginity
- True physical virginity: Hymen intact with small opening
- False physical virginity: Hymen intact with wide opening, or prior sexual experiences
Demi-Virginity
- Not rupturing the hymen, allowing other sexual contact
Virgo Intacta
- Truly virgin; no signs of prior sexual intercourse
Determining the Conditions of Virginity - Breasts
- Breast conditions, associated with reproductive system, showing milk production
- Condition not totally reliable for virginity determination
Determining the Conditions of Virginity - Vaginal Canal
- Virginal vaginal canal characteristics (tight rugosities, resistance to penetration)
- Factors associated with changes in the vaginal canal: Previous sexual intercourse, force used, insertion of foreign objects
Determining the Conditions of Virginity - Labia Majora and Minora
- Characteristics of labia (pulp, stretching elasticity, and gaping)
- Factors leading to altered labia condition (other than sexual contact)
Determining the Conditions of Virginity - Fourchette
- V-shape aspect of fourchette
- Changes in shape could be due to other factors (trauma, physical exercise, other)
Determining the Conditions of Virginity - Hymen
- Laceration or rupture of hymen as a result of sexual intercourse;
- Other non-intercourse-related destructions of hymen
- Vaginal canal changes;
- Hymen and vaginal canal changes not totally indicative of virginity
Theft and Robbery Investigation
- Robbery involves unlawful taking of another person's property using violence or intimidation, with intent to gain.
- Elements: personal property of another, taking without consent, intent to gain, use of violence or intimidation.
- Types of robbery: Force upon things (breaking a door, window) or violence/intimidation upon a person (hold-ups, snatchings, violence towards property owner).
Investigative Techniques in Robbery Cases
- Initial steps at a crime scene- Value assesment of robbed properties/material evidence collected, and determining entry/exit points
- Obtaining/collecting/documenting physical evidence, modus operandi analysis, suspect identification
- Contacting/coordinating with law enforcement agencies and pursuing investigative leads
Other Special Crimes
- Piracy
- Highway Robbery/Brigandage
- Anti-Cattle Rustling
- Anti-Fencing
- Kidnapping and Illegal Detention
Article 267 - Kidnapping and Serious Illegal Detention
- Elements: Offender, Act of unlawful taking, and specific circumstances
Important Factors in a Kidnapping Case
- Victim's safe return or the case's discovery/body finding;
- Suspect identification and apprehension
- Thorough interviews with victim
- Interviewing witnesses
- Identifying modus operandi
- Identifying possible victim/suspect connections
Kidnapping with Ransom Investigation
- Important procedural elements: Maintaining contact with victim's family, news blackout, examination of ransom notes, investigating if victim is alive, interviewing family members, investigating household personnel, possible motivations.
Fire Technology and Arson Investigation
- Fire as a result of a chemical reaction
Fire Facts
- Fire Triangle
- Fire Tetrahedron elements
- Modes of heat transfer (conduction/convection/radiation/flame contact)
- Three stages of fire (flash point, fire point, kindling point)
- Four types of fire (A-ordinary materials, B-flammable liquids, C-electrical fires, D-combustible metals, E-flammable gases)
- Different extinguishing agents
- Factors affecting fire spread rates (wind velocity, humidity, temperature, vegetation, construction)
Fire Investigation-Ladder Use
- Types of ladders (rigid, rope, extension, turntable)
- Ladder terminology (bed, fly, butt, heel, halyard)
- Parts of a ladder
Arson Investigation
- Definition/meaning of Arson- willfull damaging, malicious burning
- Investigation stages/actions, team members, duties/responsibilities
Arson Motive
- Potential motives for arson (financial gain, concealment of other crime, punishment of another)
- Importance of motive in identifying arsonists
Arson Motive vs. Intent
- Motive is the cause; intent is the purpose for commission
Arson Motive Examples
- Profit (insurance fraud)
- Concealment of crime
- Punishment of another
- Intimidation/economic disabling
- Public disturbance
- Vandalism
- Extremist behavior
- Pyromania
- Cases involving alcoholics, drug addicts or sexual deviants
- Cases involving the hero type of arsonist
Prima Facie Evidence of Arson
-
Simultaneous fires in a premises
-
Substantial flammable materials/substances in a premises
-
Presence of flammable materials/chemical traces
-
Over-insurance amounts
-
Repeated fires in a specific area/under the same control
-
Removal of insured property
-
Financial demands linked to the fire.
Fire Scene - Preserving and Searching
- Protecting the fire scene and securing the area to avoid further interferences and contaminations.
- Gathering evidence and traces (footprints, clothes, fingerprints, etc.).
Fire Report Classifications and Reporting System
- Spot Investigation Report (SIR). Immediately reporting/detailing incidents.
- Progress Investigation Report (PIR). Follow-up report after an investigation.
- Final Investigation Report (FIR). Summary of all investigations.
- Submission times
Level of Authority to Conduct Fire Investigations
- Municipality - limited damage amount;
- City - intermediate damage amount;
- District - higher damage amount;
- Province - higher damage amount;
- Regional Director - highest damage amount;
- Chief, BFP National HQ - highest overall damage amounts.
Presidential Decree 1613 & Arson Penalties
- Penalties associated with arson, particularly for those buildings, or property locations listed previously.
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Description
Explore the intersection of law and medicine through this quiz on special crime investigations. Focused on cases like homicide, robbery, and terrorism, it delves into the role of legal medicine and forensic science in these investigations. Test your knowledge of medical jurisprudence and how it aids in the pursuit of justice.
