Section 4 (Incremental Data Processing): 24.Spark Structured Streaming in Databricks

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Questions and Answers

The trigger method in streaming write specifies how often the system processes the next set of data.

True (A)

In structured streaming, the only output mode available is append mode.

False (B)

Checkpoints in Spark store the current state of streaming jobs to enable progress tracking.

True (A)

In complete mode, the result table is recalculated and overwritten with each batch in structured streaming.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Idempotent sinks in structured streaming can cause multiple writes of the same data to result in duplicates.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sorting and deduplication operations are always supported by streaming data frames in Spark.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When using trigger Once, all available data is processed in micro batches.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A data stream is any data source that decreases in size over time.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Spark structured streaming allows users to interact with an infinite data source as if it were a static table.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The traditional approach to processing a data stream involves only capturing new updates since the last run.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Spark structured streaming can handle data streams from various sources such as Kafka and Delta tables.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Spark structured streaming, a sink refers to a non-durable file system.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Change Data Capture (CDC) feeds are an example of a data stream.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The magic of Spark Structured Streaming lies in its ability to process static data sources only.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Spark structured streaming requires a manual setup to detect new data in a source.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the target table in complete mode during each trigger in structured streaming?

<p>The target table is recalculated and overwritten with each batch. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option describes the difference between trigger Once and availableNow in terms of data processing?

<p>trigger Once processes data in a single batch while availableNow processes in micro batches. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of checkpoints in Spark structured streaming?

<p>To track the progress of streaming processing over time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following operations is considered unsupported for streaming data frames?

<p>Sorting data in ascending or descending order. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does structured streaming ensure exactly once data processing?

<p>By using idempotent sinks that prevent duplicates. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the default trigger interval for processing data in structured streaming if not specified?

<p>0.5 seconds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which mode does Spark structured streaming append only new records to the target table?

<p>Append mode (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a data stream in the context of Spark Structured Streaming?

<p>It is any data source that grows over time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach does Spark Structured Streaming NOT use for processing a data stream?

<p>Processing data sequentially in a one-time batch. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Spark Structured Streaming, how is an infinite data source treated?

<p>As a static table of records. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common source for data streams as indicated in Spark Structured Streaming?

<p>Change Data Capture feeds. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a sink in Spark Structured Streaming?

<p>To persist processed data into a durable storage system. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Delta Lake's relation to Spark Structured Streaming?

<p>It is well integrated with Spark Structured Streaming. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is a primary advantage of using Spark Structured Streaming over traditional streaming methods?

<p>It can process infinite data sources without downtime. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unique feature does Spark Structured Streaming offer for querying data streams?

<p>It treats growing data streams as if they were static tables. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following data stream sources with their descriptions:

<p>JSON log file = A new data source landing into cloud storage CDC feed = Updates captured from a database Pub/sub messaging feed = A system like Kafka for event queuing Delta table = A table that can be integrated with Spark Structured Streaming</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following approaches to processing data streams with their characteristics:

<p>Traditional approach = Reprocesses entire dataset with each new update Custom logic = Captures only new files or records since the last update Spark Structured Streaming = Scalable streaming processing engine with incremental result persistence Data stream reader = Handles the reading of streaming data from a source</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms in Spark Structured Streaming with their definitions:

<p>Infinite data source = Treated as a static table of records Sink = Durable file system for output data Unbounded table = A table representing an infinite source of data Data stream writer = Configures streaming writes to a sink</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following features of Spark Structured Streaming with their benefits:

<p>Incremental processing = Automatically detects new data Table abstraction = Allows querying of data streams like static tables Integration with Delta Lake = Provides compatibility with a popular data lake Scalability = Handles growing data sources efficiently</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of Spark Structured Streaming with their roles:

<p>Streaming write = Writes processed data to a sink Data stream reader = Reads data from an evolving data source Trigger method = Specifies the frequency of data processing Checkpoint = Stores the current state of a streaming job</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following definitions to the relevant concepts in Spark Structured Streaming:

<p>Event queuing system = Pub/sub messaging feed like Kafka Increase in data size over time = Characterizes a data stream Processed data stored in files or tables = Refers to a sink New rows added gradually = Describes how data is treated in a stream</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of tables used in Spark Structured Streaming with their characteristics:

<p>Static table = Data does not change over time Delta table = Integrated with dynamic data stream processing Unbounded table = Represents a continuously growing dataset Input data stream = Characterized by new incoming records</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following Spark structured streaming concepts with their descriptions:

<p>Checkpointing = Stores state to enable progress tracking Append mode = Only new rows are added to the target table Trigger interval = Specifies when the next data batch is processed Idempotent sinks = Prevent duplicates when writing the same data</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following Spark Structured Streaming terms with their explanations:

<p>Stream read = The process of reading from a source continuously Streaming result = Output generated in response to incoming data Durable file system = An output sink where data is persisted Micro-batches = Small increments of data processed at a time</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following streaming processing concepts with their functions:

<p>Micro-batching = Processes data at specified intervals Windowing = Allows operations based on time frames Watermarking = Tracks late arriving data Streaming source = Input data that continuously arrives</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following streaming modes with their behaviors:

<p>Complete mode = Recalculates result on each trigger Append mode = Only adds new records to results Trigger Once = Processes all available data in one batch availableNow = Processes all data in micro batches</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following descriptions with the correct streaming processing guarantees:

<p>Exactly once semantics = Ensures no duplicates on writes Resumable processing = Allows streaming to continue after a failure Checkpointing = Tracks the progress of data batches Write-ahead logs = Records offset ranges during triggers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following Delta Lake features with their benefits:

<p>Durable storage = Prevents data loss Real-time processing = Handles new data as it arrives Stateful streaming = Maintains state across batches Transactional capabilities = Ensures data integrity during writes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following configurations with their implications in Spark structured streaming:

<p>Batch mode = Processes all available data at once Trigger interval of 5 minutes = Processes data less frequently Default trigger interval = Half-second processing rate Checkpoint location = Ensures separate state for each stream</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Spark Structured Streaming Overview

  • Spark Structured Streaming is a scalable engine for processing streaming data.
  • Enables querying of infinite data sources, detecting new data automatically, and incrementally persisting results to a durable sink.

Data Streams

  • A data stream is a data source that increases over time, for instance:
    • New JSON log files in cloud storage.
    • Updates from a Change Data Capture (CDC) feed.
    • Events from messaging systems like Kafka.

Processing Approaches

  • Two main approaches for processing data streams:
    • Traditional: Reprocess the entire dataset for each new update.
    • Custom Logic: Capture only new files or records since the last update.

Interaction with Data Streams

  • Treat data streams like tables, where new incoming data is appended as rows.
  • Infinite data sources are represented as "unbounded" tables.

Delta Lake Integration

  • Delta Lake integrates seamlessly with Spark Structured Streaming.
  • Use spark.readStream() to query Delta tables as stream sources, which process both existing and new data.

Writing Streaming Data

  • Persist results using dataframe.writeStream method to durable storage.
  • Configure output with trigger intervals to process new records, e.g., every 2 minutes.
  • Checkpoints are created to track the progress of streaming processing.

Trigger Method and Modes

  • The trigger method specifies when to process new data, with a default interval of every 0.5 seconds.
  • Options include:
    • Trigger Once: Processes all available data in a single batch.
    • AvailableNow: Processes all available data in micro-batches.
  • Two output modes:
    • Append Mode (default): Adds only new rows to the target table.
    • Complete Mode: Recalculates the result table with each write, overwriting the target.

Checkpointing and Guarantees

  • Checkpoints store the current state of the streaming job in cloud storage.
  • Essential for tracking progress and ensuring fault tolerance.
  • Requires separate checkpoint locations for different streaming writes.
  • Guarantees include:
    • Resuming from the last processed state in case of failure.
    • Exactly once data processing through idempotent streaming sinks.

Supported Operations on Streaming Data Frames

  • Most operations mirror those of static data frames, with exceptions:
    • Sorting and deduplication are complex or logically impossible in streaming contexts.
  • Advanced methods like windowing and watermarking can handle complexity in certain operations.

Conclusion

  • Spark Structured Streaming, when combined with repeatable data sources and idempotent sinks, maintains end-to-end exactly once processing guarantees even in failure conditions.

Spark Structured Streaming Overview

  • Spark Structured Streaming is a scalable engine for processing streaming data.
  • Enables querying of infinite data sources, detecting new data automatically, and incrementally persisting results to a durable sink.

Data Streams

  • A data stream is a data source that increases over time, for instance:
    • New JSON log files in cloud storage.
    • Updates from a Change Data Capture (CDC) feed.
    • Events from messaging systems like Kafka.

Processing Approaches

  • Two main approaches for processing data streams:
    • Traditional: Reprocess the entire dataset for each new update.
    • Custom Logic: Capture only new files or records since the last update.

Interaction with Data Streams

  • Treat data streams like tables, where new incoming data is appended as rows.
  • Infinite data sources are represented as "unbounded" tables.

Delta Lake Integration

  • Delta Lake integrates seamlessly with Spark Structured Streaming.
  • Use spark.readStream() to query Delta tables as stream sources, which process both existing and new data.

Writing Streaming Data

  • Persist results using dataframe.writeStream method to durable storage.
  • Configure output with trigger intervals to process new records, e.g., every 2 minutes.
  • Checkpoints are created to track the progress of streaming processing.

Trigger Method and Modes

  • The trigger method specifies when to process new data, with a default interval of every 0.5 seconds.
  • Options include:
    • Trigger Once: Processes all available data in a single batch.
    • AvailableNow: Processes all available data in micro-batches.
  • Two output modes:
    • Append Mode (default): Adds only new rows to the target table.
    • Complete Mode: Recalculates the result table with each write, overwriting the target.

Checkpointing and Guarantees

  • Checkpoints store the current state of the streaming job in cloud storage.
  • Essential for tracking progress and ensuring fault tolerance.
  • Requires separate checkpoint locations for different streaming writes.
  • Guarantees include:
    • Resuming from the last processed state in case of failure.
    • Exactly once data processing through idempotent streaming sinks.

Supported Operations on Streaming Data Frames

  • Most operations mirror those of static data frames, with exceptions:
    • Sorting and deduplication are complex or logically impossible in streaming contexts.
  • Advanced methods like windowing and watermarking can handle complexity in certain operations.

Conclusion

  • Spark Structured Streaming, when combined with repeatable data sources and idempotent sinks, maintains end-to-end exactly once processing guarantees even in failure conditions.

Spark Structured Streaming Overview

  • Spark Structured Streaming is a scalable engine for processing streaming data.
  • Enables querying of infinite data sources, detecting new data automatically, and incrementally persisting results to a durable sink.

Data Streams

  • A data stream is a data source that increases over time, for instance:
    • New JSON log files in cloud storage.
    • Updates from a Change Data Capture (CDC) feed.
    • Events from messaging systems like Kafka.

Processing Approaches

  • Two main approaches for processing data streams:
    • Traditional: Reprocess the entire dataset for each new update.
    • Custom Logic: Capture only new files or records since the last update.

Interaction with Data Streams

  • Treat data streams like tables, where new incoming data is appended as rows.
  • Infinite data sources are represented as "unbounded" tables.

Delta Lake Integration

  • Delta Lake integrates seamlessly with Spark Structured Streaming.
  • Use spark.readStream() to query Delta tables as stream sources, which process both existing and new data.

Writing Streaming Data

  • Persist results using dataframe.writeStream method to durable storage.
  • Configure output with trigger intervals to process new records, e.g., every 2 minutes.
  • Checkpoints are created to track the progress of streaming processing.

Trigger Method and Modes

  • The trigger method specifies when to process new data, with a default interval of every 0.5 seconds.
  • Options include:
    • Trigger Once: Processes all available data in a single batch.
    • AvailableNow: Processes all available data in micro-batches.
  • Two output modes:
    • Append Mode (default): Adds only new rows to the target table.
    • Complete Mode: Recalculates the result table with each write, overwriting the target.

Checkpointing and Guarantees

  • Checkpoints store the current state of the streaming job in cloud storage.
  • Essential for tracking progress and ensuring fault tolerance.
  • Requires separate checkpoint locations for different streaming writes.
  • Guarantees include:
    • Resuming from the last processed state in case of failure.
    • Exactly once data processing through idempotent streaming sinks.

Supported Operations on Streaming Data Frames

  • Most operations mirror those of static data frames, with exceptions:
    • Sorting and deduplication are complex or logically impossible in streaming contexts.
  • Advanced methods like windowing and watermarking can handle complexity in certain operations.

Conclusion

  • Spark Structured Streaming, when combined with repeatable data sources and idempotent sinks, maintains end-to-end exactly once processing guarantees even in failure conditions.

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