Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the main characteristic of PVST+ compared to original STP?
What is the main characteristic of PVST+ compared to original STP?
- It is incompatible with additional port features.
- It requires fewer configurations than standard STP.
- It creates a separate spanning tree for each VLAN configured in the network. (correct)
- It has a single spanning tree instance for multiple VLANs.
Which feature is NOT supported by PVST+?
Which feature is NOT supported by PVST+?
- BPDU Filter
- PortFast
- BackboneFast
- EtherChannel Load Balancing (correct)
Which version of STP provides a loop-free topology with a single instance spanning tree?
Which version of STP provides a loop-free topology with a single instance spanning tree?
- Ethernet Spanning Tree (EST)
- Per-VLAN Spanning Tree (PVST+)
- Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP)
- Common Spanning Tree (CST) (correct)
What must be specifically configured on Cisco switches to utilize RSTP?
What must be specifically configured on Cisco switches to utilize RSTP?
Which of the following is a valid port state in the original STP?
Which of the following is a valid port state in the original STP?
What is the purpose of BPDU Guard in a network using STP?
What is the purpose of BPDU Guard in a network using STP?
What primary advantage does RSTP have over the traditional STP?
What primary advantage does RSTP have over the traditional STP?
Which protocol version is an enhancement of the original STP standard and supports additional port states and configurations?
Which protocol version is an enhancement of the original STP standard and supports additional port states and configurations?
Which protocol allows for redundant paths and loops without blocking ports?
Which protocol allows for redundant paths and loops without blocking ports?
Which port state in STP is responsible for processing incoming frames but not forwarding them?
Which port state in STP is responsible for processing incoming frames but not forwarding them?
What feature provides fast convergence in a network using Rapid PVST+?
What feature provides fast convergence in a network using Rapid PVST+?
What mechanism does BPDU Guard protect against in a bridging environment?
What mechanism does BPDU Guard protect against in a bridging environment?
Which of the following is a key benefit of using PortFast in a network?
Which of the following is a key benefit of using PortFast in a network?
What is the primary purpose of RSTP compared to traditional STP?
What is the primary purpose of RSTP compared to traditional STP?
Which port states are utilized by RSTP?
Which port states are utilized by RSTP?
What feature of PVST+ allows for a separate spanning tree instance for each VLAN?
What feature of PVST+ allows for a separate spanning tree instance for each VLAN?
What happens when a port is configured with PortFast?
What happens when a port is configured with PortFast?
Which configuration does BPDU guard enforce on switch ports?
Which configuration does BPDU guard enforce on switch ports?
Which version of IOS runs PVST+ by default on Cisco switches?
Which version of IOS runs PVST+ by default on Cisco switches?
How does Rapid PVST+ enhance RSTP functionality?
How does Rapid PVST+ enhance RSTP functionality?
Which feature is not supported by PVST+?
Which feature is not supported by PVST+?
What is a primary role of the root bridge in STP?
What is a primary role of the root bridge in STP?
Which statement about STP and its implementations is true?
Which statement about STP and its implementations is true?
What is the main advantage of Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) compared to the original Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)?
What is the main advantage of Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) compared to the original Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)?
Which feature allows switches to quickly transition ports to the forwarding state in RSTP?
Which feature allows switches to quickly transition ports to the forwarding state in RSTP?
How does Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol (MSTP) optimize VLAN management?
How does Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol (MSTP) optimize VLAN management?
Which component ensures that only the designated root bridge can receive configuration BPDUs in a RSTP environment?
Which component ensures that only the designated root bridge can receive configuration BPDUs in a RSTP environment?
What is the role of BPDU guard in a spanning tree protocol setup?
What is the role of BPDU guard in a spanning tree protocol setup?
Which statement about RSTP port roles is accurate?
Which statement about RSTP port roles is accurate?
What distinguishes Rapid PVST+ from standard RSTP?
What distinguishes Rapid PVST+ from standard RSTP?
What is the function of the listening state in spanning tree protocols?
What is the function of the listening state in spanning tree protocols?
Which protocol is designed to enhance the original STP with additional features and faster convergence specifically for Cisco environments?
Which protocol is designed to enhance the original STP with additional features and faster convergence specifically for Cisco environments?
Which of the following is a key benefit of RSTP's faster convergence?
Which of the following is a key benefit of RSTP's faster convergence?
What is elected for each spanning tree instance in Per-VLAN Spanning Tree (PVST)?
What is elected for each spanning tree instance in Per-VLAN Spanning Tree (PVST)?
Which protocol supersedes the original Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)?
Which protocol supersedes the original Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)?
How many spanning tree instances are created if all ports on switches are in the same VLAN?
How many spanning tree instances are created if all ports on switches are in the same VLAN?
What is crucial when referring to different implementations of spanning tree?
What is crucial when referring to different implementations of spanning tree?
Which version of spanning tree did the IEEE designate in its latest documentation?
Which version of spanning tree did the IEEE designate in its latest documentation?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Per-VLAN Spanning Tree (PVST)?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Per-VLAN Spanning Tree (PVST)?
What is the primary function of the Root Bridge in STP?
What is the primary function of the Root Bridge in STP?
In the context of STP, what distinguishes RSTP from traditional STP?
In the context of STP, what distinguishes RSTP from traditional STP?
Which statement is true regarding the function of STP in VLAN management?
Which statement is true regarding the function of STP in VLAN management?
What happens when all ports are set to remain in the same VLAN?
What happens when all ports are set to remain in the same VLAN?
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Study Notes
Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) Evolution
- STP is defined under IEEE 802.1D, providing a loop-free topology for networks with redundant links.
- Common Spanning Tree (CST) operates as a single spanning tree instance regardless of VLANs present in the network.
- Per-VLAN Spanning Tree (PVST+) is a Cisco enhancement that creates individual spanning tree instances for each VLAN.
- Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) or IEEE 802.1w enhances STP with faster convergence capabilities.
STP Variants
- PVST+ supports advanced features including PortFast, UplinkFast, BackboneFast, BPDU guard, filter, root guard, and loop guard.
- RSTP maintains backward compatibility with STP and retains similar terminology, enabling easier configuration for those familiar with STP.
- PVST+ is set as the default mode in Cisco switches running IOS 15.0 or later.
RSTP Features
- RSTP allows rapid convergence, capable of adjustments in a properly configured network within milliseconds.
- RSTP port states include learning, forwarding, and discarding, differing from more extended states seen in standard STP.
- Each VLAN can have a distinct root bridge under RSTP, compared to a singular root bridge in classic STP.
Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol (MSTP)
- MSTP, inspired by Cisco's proprietary MISTP, merges multiple VLANs into shared spanning tree instances.
- MST can support up to 16 RSTP instances, optimizing configuration for networks with numerous VLANs.
Configuration and Management
- Rapid PVST+ is a Cisco-specific adaptation of RSTP, offering instance-based spanning tree management per VLAN.
- BPDU guard feature disables switch ports immediately upon detecting any Bridge Protocol Data Unit to prevent possible loops.
- Layer 2 networks can expand significantly, employing advanced hierarchical configurations that may integrate the distribution and core layers.
Key Terminology
- Key terms include Root Bridge, Designated Port, Alternate Port, and Bridge Protocol Data Unit (BPDU), essential for understanding spanning tree architecture.
- PortFast enables immediate transition of switch ports from blocking to forwarding states, crucial for reducing access delay for devices requiring quick network access (e.g., DHCP clients).
- Understanding of timers like Max Age, Forward Delay, and Hello timer is vital for effective spanning tree operation management.
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