Space 100 Test #1 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What are the space capabilities according to JP 3-14?

  • Space Control
  • ISR
  • Environmental Monitoring
  • All of the above (correct)

    • What are the three segments of a space system?

    Space, ground, link

    What is space power?

    Space superiority

    What are the joint functions?

    <p>Command and control, intelligence, fires, movement and maneuver, protection, sustainment and information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some problems with the vacuum of space?

    <p>Heat transfer and thermal control, solar ultraviolet degradation, self-contamination (outgassing), and cold welding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some problems with the natural environment of space?

    <p>Atomic oxygen corrosion, physical sputtering, spacecraft glow, drag due to atmosphere, arcing, increased currents, ion drag and ion sputtering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some problems with the radiation environment of space?

    <p>Solar cell degradation, degradation of electronics and materials, single event phenomena, solar radiation pressure, solar flares and coronal mass ejections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some problems with micro-meteoroids and orbital debris in space?

    <p>Increased potential for impact with other objects, creating more debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some techniques to minimize impacts on the spacecraft and what are the tradeoffs?

    <p>Material selection, margin, material pre-treatment, flight and ground operations, configuration, coatings, radiation shielding, redundancy, orientation and orbit. Tradeoffs in schedule, cost and performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two national space environmental agencies and what products do they provide?

    <p>Space Weather Prediction Center and 557 Weather Wing. They provide rapid event warning, short/long range forecast and post analysis anomaly assessments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Kepler's three laws?

    <ol> <li>The orbit of a planet about the sun is an ellipse with the sun at one focus. 2. A line joining a planet and the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals of time. 3. The square of a planet's sidereal orbital period is proportional to the cube of the length of its orbit's semi-major axis.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Newton's three laws?

    <ol> <li>Every object in a state of uniform motion will remain in that state of motion unless an external force acts on it. 2. Force equals mass times acceleration (F=ma). 3. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    Total energy is a combination of what two types of energy?

    <p>Total energy = potential energy + kinetic energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the six classical orbital elements?

    <ol> <li>Semi major axis - size 2. Eccentricity - shape 3. Inclination - tilt 4. Right ascension of ascending node - twist 5. Argument of perigee - rotation 6. True anomaly - location</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the J2 effect?

    <p>Precession of the ascending node and rotation of perigee due to earth oblateness (odd shape)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Assuming a prograde orbit, what direction does the ground track move?

    <p>With the rotation of earth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the latitude of a launch location important?

    <p>It has an effect on the inclination of the orbit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In order to take advantage of the earth's rotation during a launch, what direction is the best to launch in?

    <p>East</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are launch windows important?

    <p>In order to intercept an object or place in a specific orbit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is special about a LEO sun synchronous orbit and what type of mission would you expect to see in this orbit?

    <p>90-120 min periods, limited coverage with short dwell time over target/ground station. Manned (ISS), communication constellations and observation/imagery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is special about a semi-synchronous orbit and what type of mission would you expect to see in this orbit?

    <p>12 hr period with repeating ground track. PNT (GPS).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of a highly elliptical/semi-synchronous 'molniya' orbit and what type of mission would you expect to see in this orbit?

    <p>Long dwell time (8 hrs of a 12 hr orbit) with max coverage at high altitudes. Remote sending (OPIR) and communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of a GEO orbit and what type of mission would you expect to see in this orbit?

    <p>Constant viewing, broad coverage and large footprint. Communication (DSCS), missile warning, weather.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between field of view and field of regard?

    <p>Field of regard is the total area that can be captured and field of view is an angular cone perceived within that area at a particular instant in time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should we maneuver a satellite and what are the types of maneuvers?

    <p>In order to rendezvous, change orbits, de-orbit, or change orbital plane using in-plane, out-of-plane, combined plane change or co-orbital rendezvous.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe a maneuvering satellite's actions for a co-orbital rendezvous maneuver.

    <p>Slow down to catch up.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the basics of international law?

    <p>International agreements (treaties) and customary international law.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the freedom principle of the outer space treaty.

    <p>Outer space, moon and other celestial objects are free for anyone to explore and/or use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Does the outer space treaty ban weapons in space?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the two domestic laws related to space.

    <p>Title 10 and Title 50.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three space sectors IAW the national space policy?

    <p>National security space, civil and commercial.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The national security space sector is made up of what two departments/divisions?

    <p>Secretary of Defense (SECDEF) and Director of National Intelligence (DNI).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary missions of the five different space wings?

    <ol> <li>Ground based missile warning 2. Space surveillance 3. Space control 4. Space lift 5. Satellite operations.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    What JP 3-14 mission areas does SMDC/ARSTRAT support?

    <p>SATCOM, satellite operations, missile warning, and missile defense.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What JP 3-14 mission area does the Navy support?

    <p>Operates all UHF communication satellites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the FAA have in space?

    <p>License all launches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of the CDO environment?

    <p>Drives forces to identify and compensate for dynamics such as enemy actions, friendly capability limitations and operational constraints.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of contested?

    <p>Limitations caused by adversary capability and/or actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of degraded?

    <p>Limitations caused by degradation due to system malfunction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of operationally limited?

    <p>Limitations caused by physical or operational constraints that do not fall under contested or degraded elements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correlation of the '3 C's' to CDO?

    <p>Congested - operationally limited, degraded; Contested - contested; Competitive - contested, operationally degraded.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who originally has space coordinating authority and to whom is it usually delegated?

    <p>USSTRATCOM to JFSCC, Geographic COCOM to JFC to DS4.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is the director of space forces (DS4)?

    <p>Senior Air Force space officer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the strategy/plans division.

    <p>Creates planning and course of actions to support JFSCC objectives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the ISR division.

    <p>Provides space intelligence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the combat operations division.

    <p>Executes current tasking orders as approved by JFSCC. Constant monitoring of effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the national space defense center (NSDC).

    <p>Joint and interagency center responsible for maintaining freedom of action in space.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four components to the spacelift mission?

    <p>Deploy, sustain, augment, reconstitute.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the eastern range and what types of orbits is it used for?

    <p>Patrick AFB, Florida. Highly inclined orbits, equatorial orbits, and SLBM corridor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the western range and what types of orbits is it used for?

    <p>Vandenberg AFB, California. Polar orbits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the NSSL launch program?

    <p>Reduce launch cost, standardize operations and reduce vehicle processing times.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What organizations are responsible for the NSSL?

    <p>United Launch Alliance (Lockheed Martin and Boeing) and Space X.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What lift vehicles are considered DoD launch certified?

    <p>Atlas V, Delta IV, Falcon 9.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which space lift vehicle relies on the Russian-made RD-180 engine?

    <p>Atlas V.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'white tail' concept mean?

    <p>Launch vehicles remain generic to a specific mission as long as possible to enable mission overbooking and allow for max flexibility to ensure all launch slots are utilized.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What agencies are responsible for US launch operations?

    <p>AFSPC and 14th AF.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the launch forecasting process?

    <p>Plan launches 7 years out.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What country/organization historically is the world leader in commercial launch revenue?

    <p>Russia and European Space Agency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Space Capabilities

    • Key space capabilities include situational awareness, space control, positioning/navigation/timing, ISR, SATCOM, environmental monitoring, missile warning, nuclear detonation detection (NUDET), spacelift, and satellite operations.

    Space System Segments

    • A space system consists of three segments: space, ground, and link.

    Space Power

    • Space superiority allows a force to conduct operations free from interference by terrestrial or space-based threats.

    Joint Functions

    • Joint functions incorporate command and control, intelligence, fires, movement and maneuver, protection, sustainment, and information.

    Vacuum of Space Challenges

    • Challenges include heat transfer, thermal control issues, solar UV degradation, self-contamination (outgassing), and cold welding.

    Natural Environment of Space

    • Problems include atomic oxygen corrosion, physical sputtering, spacecraft glow, drag from residual atmosphere, arcing, ion drag, and increased currents.

    Radiation Environment of Space

    • Concerns involve solar cell and electronic material degradation, single event phenomena, solar radiation pressure, solar flares, and coronal mass ejections.

    Micro-Meteoroids and Orbital Debris

    • Risks include heightened potential for impacts with other objects, which can generate more debris.

    Scintillation Problems

    • Results in UHF SATCOM outages and vulnerabilities in GPS navigation.

    Minimizing Spacecraft Impacts

    • Techniques include material selection, configuration, radiation shielding, redundancy, and orientation. There are trade-offs in schedule, cost, and performance.

    National Space Environmental Agencies

    • The Space Weather Prediction Center and 557 Weather Wing provide event warnings, forecasts, and anomaly assessments.

    Kepler's Laws

    • Describe planetary motion, focusing on elliptical orbits, the equal area sweep in space, and the relationship of orbital period to semi-major axis length.

    Newton's Laws

    • Include inertia of motion, the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration (F=ma), and the principle of action and reaction.

    Total Energy Equation

    • Total energy consists of potential energy plus kinetic energy.

    Classical Orbital Elements

    • Includes size (semi-major axis), shape (eccentricity), tilt (inclination), twist (right ascension), rotation (argument of perigee), and location (true anomaly).

    J2 Effect

    • Determines the precession of the ascending node and rotation of perigee due to Earth’s oblateness.

    Ground Track Direction

    • In prograde orbits, the ground track moves in the direction of Earth's rotation.

    Launch Location Latitude

    • Influences orbital inclination.

    Optimal Launch Direction

    • Launching east capitalizes on Earth's rotational speed.

    Import of Launch Windows

    • Necessary for intercepting objects or achieving specific orbital placements.

    LEO Sun-Synchronous Orbit

    • Characterized by ~90-120 min periods, supporting ISS, communication constellations, and observation missions.

    Semi-Synchronous Orbit

    • Features a 12-hour period and repeating ground tracks, commonly used for GPS.

    Highly Elliptical "Molniya" Orbit

    • Offers long dwell times for remote sensing and communications.

    GEO Orbit Benefits

    • Provides constant viewing and broad coverage, essential for communications and weather monitoring.

    Field of View vs. Field of Regard

    • Field of regard is the overall area captured, while field of view is the angular perception within that area at a specific moment.

    Satellite Maneuvers

    • Necessary for rendezvous, orbit changes, de-orbiting, or altering orbital planes with in-plane, out-of-plane, and combined maneuvers.

    Co-Orbital Rendezvous Actions

    • Involves slowing down to align with the target.

    International Law Basics

    • Governed by treaties and customary international law.

    Outer Space Treaty Freedom Principle

    • Outer space and celestial bodies are open for exploration and use by all.

    Outer Space Treaty and Weapons

    • Does not prohibit the placement of weapons in space.

    Domestic Space Laws

    • Title 10 and Title 50 govern national space operations.

    National Space Policy Sectors

    • Divided into national security space, civil space, and commercial space sectors.

    National Security Space Departments

    • Managed by Secretary of Defense (SECDEF) and Director of National Intelligence (DNI).

    Space Wing Primary Missions

    • Include missile warning, space surveillance, space control, spacelift, and satellite operations.

    SMDC/ARSTRAT Support

    • Supports SATCOM, satellite operations, missile warning, and missile defense.
    • Operates all UHF communication satellites.

    FAA's Role in Space

    • Licenses all space launches.

    CDO Environment Importance

    • Essential for adapting to enemy actions, friendly limitations, and operational constraints.

    Definitions of Contest and Degradation

    • Contested implies limitations from adversary capabilities; degraded refers to limitations due to system malfunctions.

    Operationally Limited Definition

    • Constraints from physical or operational factors that don't fit contested or degraded categories.

    Correlation of "3 C's" to CDO

    • Congested relates to operational limitations; contested indicates forms of limitation; competitive combines both concepts.

    Space Coordinating Authority

    • Originally held by USSTRATCOM, typically delegated to Joint Force Space Component Commander (JFSCC) and Geographic COCOM.

    Director of Space Forces (DS4)

    • A senior Air Force officer in charge of space operational matters.

    Strategy/Plans Division Role

    • Develops plans aligning with JFSCC objectives.

    ISR Division Function

    • Provides intelligence related to space operations.

    Combat Operations Division Role

    • Executes task orders and monitors operational effects.

    National Space Defense Center (NSDC)

    • Joint center maintaining operational independence in space.

    Spacelift Mission Components

    • Include deploy, sustain, augment, and reconstitute.

    Eastern Range Location and Orbits

    • Located at Patrick AFB, Florida; supports highly inclined, equatorial, and SLBM corridor orbits.

    Western Range Location and Orbits

    • Based at Vandenberg AFB, California; primarily for polar orbits.

    NSSL Launch Program Purpose

    • Aims to decrease launch costs, standardize operations, and minimize processing times.

    NSSL Responsibilities

    • Managed by United Launch Alliance (Lockheed Martin and Boeing) and SpaceX.

    DoD Launch Certified Vehicles

    • Include Atlas V, Delta IV, and Falcon 9.

    Atlas V Engine Dependency

    • Utilizes the Russian-made RD-180 engine.

    "White Tail" Concept

    • Allows launch vehicles to remain generic to facilitate mission overbooking and operational flexibility.

    US Launch Operations Authorities

    • Managed by AFSPC and 14th Air Force.

    Launch Forecasting Purpose

    • Plans launches up to seven years in advance.

    Global Leader in Commercial Launch Revenue

    • Historically, Russia and the European Space Agency lead in commercial launch earnings.

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    Description

    This quiz is designed to test your knowledge of key concepts in space operations and capabilities. It covers topics such as space power, segments of a space system, and various aspects of satellite operations. Perfect for those looking to strengthen their understanding of space systems.

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