Soziologie und soziale Dynamik

Social Statistics

• Principles of social order explain a particular society
• Interconnectedness between institutions

Social Imagination

• The ability to find the relationship between individual experiences and larger social influences (Mills)
• Emphasizes the connection between personal troubles (biography) and structural (public and historical) issues

Social Dynamics

• Explores how individuals in society change over time

Auguste Compte (1787-1587)

• Coined the term "sociology"
• Empirical study of society (observation, experiments, and data collection)
• Sociology as a scientific study focusing on social dynamics and social statistics

Jane Adams (1860-1953)

• Co-founded Hull House, a Chicago settlement house
• Served neighborhood community members living below the poverty line
• Leader in the women's suffrage movement
• Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for advocating negotiation over war
• Published widely on urban life, social disorganization, and immigration.

Harriet Martineau (1802-1876)

• English author and sociologist
• Translated and condensed Comte's work for popular consumption

Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)

• Agreed with Comte that societies are characterized by unity and cohesion, based on interests and attitudes.
• Used data collection to test a theory of suicide – social integration.
• People with meaningful social relationships are less likely to die from suicide.
• White, male, and those over 75 are more at risk for suicide

Sociology

• The scientific study of human behaviour within a society

Manifest and Latent Functions

• Manifest functions are intended and recognized
• Latent functions are unintended and unrecognized

Laws

• Belief that no culture is better than another
• Formally defined norms about what is legal or illegal

Mores

• Norms that maintain ethical behavior
• U.S. cultural mores include sexual faithfulness, patriotism, and non-killing

Popular Culture

• Widespread beliefs, practices, activities, and products within a population

Socialization

• Lifelong process of learning culture and becoming a functioning member of society
• Establishes social identity
• Controls behavior
• Transmits culture to the next generation

Role models

• People we admire and whose behavior we imitate
• Process of learning cultural behaviors and expectations deeply (internalization)

Reinforcement

• Direct and indirect rewards/punishments for particular behaviors

Anticipatory Socialization

• Learning to perform roles in the future (e.g., children practicing the role of a parent)

Resocialization

• Unlearning old ways of doing things and adopting new attitudes, values, norms, and behaviors (e.g., changes in norms of a new country)

Total Institution

• Enclosed social system that controls lives of participants
• Example – prisons, mental hospitals

Looking-Glass Self

• Self-image based on perception of how others view us (3 phases: Perception, interpretation, response)

Status

• Social position a person occupies in society
• Ascribed status is inherited (e.g., sex, race, ethnicity)
• Achieved status is earned (e.g., occupation, relationships)

Role

• Behavior expected of a person with a particular status
• Role conflict arises when playing multiple roles with contradictory expectations

Role set

• The collection of roles associated with a particular status.

Social Structure

• Pattern of behavior governing social relationships.

Social Interaction

• The process of acting toward and reacting to people around us (verbal, nonverbal, face-to-face, social media)

Master Status

• A status that overrides others, significantly affecting one's life
• Typically apparent, impressions, consequences

Status Inconsistency

• Conflict arising from occupying social positions with different rankings

Primary Group

• Small group of people engaging in close face-to-face interaction over a long period (e.g., families, close friends)

Secondary Group

• Large, impersonal, temporary group with a common goal or activity (e.g., a class)

Reference Group

• Group that shapes behaviors, values, and attitudes

Zimbardo's Experiment

• Stanford Prison Experiment – highlighted powerful effect of group conformity and authority

Coercive Organization

• Group that people are forced to join (e.g., prison, rehabilitation center)

McDonaldization

• Efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control are key aspects influencing consumerism
• Example – fast-food chains

Deviance

• Violation of social norms

Formal Deviance

• Violation against written laws
• Examples – crime

Informal Deviance

• Behavior that violates accepted social norms
• Examples – burping, nose picking

Criminal Deviance

• Violation of laws

Street crime

• Violent and property crime
• Property crime – burglary, theft, arson
• Violent crime – assault, murder

Hate crimes

• Criminal offense motivated by victim's difference (e.g., race, ethnicity)
• Three types: thrill, defensive, and retaliatory

White-collar crime

• Illegal activities for financial gain by people with power.
• Examples – embezzlement, insider trading

Corporate crime

• Illegal corporate acts for company benefit

Cybercrime

• Illegal online activities
• Examples – hacking, fraud

Skimming

• Stealing credit card information
• Organized crime→ activities of groups supplying illegal goods and services

Victimless crimes

• Illegal activities where no specific victim is identified.
• Examples: Drugs, pornography, prostitution, gambling

Differential Association Theory

• Learning deviance through social interactions (e.g., family, friends)

Wealth

• Economic assets (e.g., houses, stocks, land)

Income

• Earnings from wages or other sources

Prestige

• Respect or recognition attached to social positions

Absolute Poverty

• Lacking sufficient money for basic necessities (food, clothing, shelter)

Relative poverty

• Not having enough money to maintain an average living standard

Social Mobility

• Movement between social classes

Sex

• Biological characteristics (male, female)

Gender

• Learned attitudes and behaviors associated with a sex, based on societal expectations
• Not the same as sex (e.g., biological sex versus gender identity)

Sexual Identity

• Awareness of gender and how one expresses values, attitudes, and feelings relating to sexuality

Gender Identity

• Perception of one's own gender

Gender Roles

• Characteristics, attitudes, feelings and behaviors that society expects of different genders

Homophobia

• Fear and hatred of people with non-heterosexual identities

Sexual Harassment

• Unwanted sexual advances or conduct

Racial Group

• Shares visible physical characteristics that society considers important (e.g., skin tone)

Ethnic Group

• Shares a common national origin or cultural heritage

Dominant Group

• Group with the most economic and political power, privileges, and status

Apartheid

• Formal system of racial segregation

Genocide

• Systematic effort to kill all members of a particular ethnic, religious, or political group.

Prejudice

• Preconceived opinion or bias against a particular group

Capitalism

• Economic system based on private ownership

Monopoly

• Domination of a market by one company/person

Oligarchy

• Domination of a market by a few large producers or suppliers

Endogamy (Homogamy)

• Cultural practice of marrying within one's group.

Exogamy (Heterogamy)

• Cultural practice of marrying outside one's group

Elder Abuse

• Intentional or negligent act harming those aged 65 and older

Nuclear Family

• Family composed of married parents and children

Extended Family

• Family form that includes relatives

Patrilocal

• Married couples live with the husband's family

Market Marriage

• Couples choose partners based on assessment of resources and liabilities.

Arranged Marriage

• Spouses are selected by parents or family

Serial Monogamy

• Marry multiple people but one at a time

Serial Cohabitation

• Living with different sexual partners over time

Child Maltreatment

• Abuse/neglect of children

Fictive kin

Unrelated individuals accepted as family members

Intimate Partner Violence

• Abuse between people in a close relationship

Dieses Quiz behandelt die Prinzipien der sozialen Ordnung, soziale Imagination und die Dynamik von Individuen in der Gesellschaft. Es bezieht sich auch auf wichtige Figuren wie Auguste Comte und Jane Adams, die zur Entwicklung der Soziologie beigetragen haben. Teste dein Wissen über ihre Theorien und den Einfluss auf die soziale Struktur.