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Questions and Answers

Which of the following are the four main problems with the scientific method?

  • Very linear
  • Intuitive
  • Facts vs. process
  • Focused on experiment
  • Not focused on experiment

  • Very linear, Not intuitive, Facts vs. process, Focused on experiment (correct)
  • Very linear, Intuitive, Facts vs. process, Focused on experiment
  • Very linear, Not intuitive, Facts vs. process, Not focused on experiment
  • Very linear, Intuitive, Facts vs. process, Not focused on experiment

    • What is the hypothesized cause of peptic ulcers?

    Heliobacter Pylori

    What was the method used to investigate peptic ulcers?

  • They wanted to investigate peptic ulcers as Warren had previously conducted data on patients with gastrointestinal diseases, and in every patient with ulcers, Pylori was found.
  • They first tried to infect tissue cultures with the bacteria, and to no avail.
  • Marshall then ingested it himself, and developed an ulcer which was more evidence for the bacteria causing ulcers.
  • He then took antibiotics, and the ulcer began to resolve itself, furthering proof of their hypothesis.
  • All of the above (correct)
  • None of the above

    • What type of sources were used to investigate peptic ulcers?

    <p>Primary sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was NOT a deviation from the scientific method in the peptic ulcer study?

    <p>They used multiple sources and were able to collect data from multiple patients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The conclusion of the peptic ulcer study was that peptic ulcers were caused by bacteria.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the long-standing assumption about the cause of peptic ulcers?

    <p>Stress, spicy foods, and too much stomach acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the hypothesis of Van Helmont's experiment?

    <p>Plants grew from external sources other than the soil that the plant was planted in</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Van Helmont dried out 200 pounds of soil to determine the water weight of the soil.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a deviation from the scientific method in Van Helmont's experiment?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Van Helmont's experiment concluded that the commonly held belief that plants grew from transforming soil into bark, roots, and leaves was true.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary source of the plants' growth?

    <p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Spencer's hypothesis?

    <p>Microwaves could be harnessed to cook food efficiently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Spencer's experiment can be considered as a primary source of investigation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Spencer did not have a formal aim or hypothesis in mind when he conducted this experiment.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the deviations from the scientific method in Spencer's experiment?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Spencer's experiment concluded that microwaves could be harnessed to heat food efficiently if the microwaves were evenly exposed over the food.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of electromagnetic wave that microwaves are?

    <p>Radiant heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the only hypothesis in Eratosthenes's experiment?

    <p>Eratosthenes hypothesized that he could use the angles of the shadows cast to calculate the circumference of the Earth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eratosthenes's experiment concluded that the Earth was a perfect circle.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was NOT a deviation from the scientific method in Eratosthenes's experiment?

    <p>He used primary sources as well as secondary sources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Eratosthenes theorize about the Earth's circumference?

    <p>Approximately 40,000km</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eratosthenes's estimation of Earth's circumference was very close to the actual value.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the hypothesis of Doppler's experiment?

    <p>Sound frequencies change, relative to the observer when emitted from a moving sound source.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the experimental method used by Doppler?

    <p>Christophe Ballot hired a group of 15 perfectly tuned trumpeters to remain stationary next to a railway and another 15 to play on a moving train towards them, then had them commence playing at the same time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Doppler's experiment was conducted using quantitative data.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Doppler's experiment concluded that sound frequencies change relative to the stationary observer as the emitter of sound moves.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the hypothesis of Priestley's experiment?

    <p>Dephlogisticated air was released by green plants, and a component of the air is necessary for combustion and better respiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Priestley conducted his investigation primarily using a mouse and a candle in a sealed jar.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these was observed in Priestley's experiment?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of scientific method does Priestley's experiment fall under?

    <p>Primary, experimental, qualitative.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The conclusion of Priestley's experiment was that plants have an opposite effect of breathing which is now called photosynthesis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the practical result of Priestley's experiment?

    <p>It debunked the theory of phlogiston.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The scientific method includes an abstract, introduction, method, results, conclusion, discussion, and significant figures.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The introduction of a scientific report contains the hypothesis and the aim.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The methods section of a scientific report should be written in the present tense.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The results section of a scientific report presents data and findings.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The conclusions section of a scientific report is where you summarize the results, provide an explanation of the results, and discuss the significance of your research.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The discussion section of a scientific report analyzes the results, identifies limitations, and discusses future research.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 'significant figures' section of a scientific report is where you define the accuracy of the data and provide guidance on how to represent it numerically.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The scientific method is a linear process that proceeds from observations to hypothesis formation to data collection to data analysis to conclusion.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Working independently on scientific research is always more efficient than working collaboratively.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most important advantage of working independently on scientific research?

    <p>You are able to control all variables to how you deem fit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an advantage of working collaboratively on scientific research?

    <p>You are more likely to have a limited knowledge base.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main disadvantage of working independently on scientific research?

    <p>You are more likely to have limited knowledge, as you cannot collaborate with others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main disadvantage of working collaboratively on scientific research?

    <p>It can be difficult to manage multiple personalities and different styles of working.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of methodology for scientific research?

    <p>Ethnographic Research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of observational methodology?

    <p>Direct observation of the subject without interference by the scientist.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of experimental methodology?

    <p>Manipulating a specific variable in a controlled environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of descriptive methodology?

    <p>Describing the why behind the phenomena.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The Scientific Method

    • Four main steps are linear, focused on observation, experimentation, and factual results.
    • The process is not intuitive.

    Peptic Ulcers

    • Hypothesis: Peptic ulcers are caused by a bacterium called Helicobacter pylori.
    • Method: Researchers investigated peptic ulcers, focusing on patients with gastrointestinal issues. They discovered Helicobacter pylori in all patients with ulcers. They then attempted to infect tissue cultures with the bacteria, but couldn't successfully transmit the illness Marshall then intentionally ingested the bacteria and developed an ulcer. Antibiotics resolved the ulcer in Marshall.
    • Methodology: Primary sources (first-hand observations and investigations) were used to directly explore the ulcers.

    Deviation from Scientific Method

    • Scientists challenged accepted scientific and medical beliefs.
    • Only one successful test initially.
    • Scientists encountered ethical concerns and opposition from the community.
    • Some scientists conducted informal tests without rigorous controls and without precise aims.

    Conclusion

    • Scientists concluded that bacteria cause peptic ulcers.
    • There is a long-standing assumption that ulcers are caused by stress and spicy foods, and excess stomach acid.

    Van Helmont

    • Hypothesis: Plants grow from sources other than soil.
    • Method: Dried out soil, then planted a willow tree in the soil. Measured the weight of the soil and the tree. After five years, the tree had gained weight, but the soil weight decreased only minimally.
    • Methodology: Primary source investigation to identify the variables involved.

    Spencer

    • Hypothesis: Microwaves can efficiently cook food.
    • Method: Discovered a candy bar in his pocket had melted and then did multiple experiments with microwaves on popcorn and eggs.
    • Methodology: Spencer conducted primary investigations and discovered the principle on his own. His own observations and experiments drove his experiments

    Eratosthenes

    • Hypothesis: The angle of shadows can be used to calculate the Earth's circumference.
    • Method: Observed the angles of shadows cast in Syene and Alexandria at noon (on the summer solstice). Used proportions to calculate Earth's circumference.
    • Methodology: Used primary investigation and observations to measure the circumference of the Earth.

    Doppler

    • Hypothesis: Sound frequencies change relative to the observer when the source is moving.
    • Method: Employed a group of trumpeters to conduct experiments by playing music on moving trains to verify sound frequency changes.
    • Methodology: Employed a primary investigation.

    Priestley

    • Hypothesis: Dephlogisticated air (a component of air) is necessary for combustion and better respiration.
    • Method: Experiments were conducted with mice, candles, and plants in sealed jars. The experiments were repeated with an additional variable (plant) to see if respiration was affected.
    • Methodology: Conducted primary investigation using experiments.

    Methodology

    • The methods of investigation include primary and secondary sources as well as a qualitative and quantitative approach.

    Scientific Report Structure

    • Abstract, Introduction (hypothesis & aim), Risk Assessment, Method (materials), Results (data, graphs, and tables), Conclusion, and Discussion, followed by a summary.

    Significant Figures

    • Rules apply to the recording of numerical data

    Working Independently vs Collaboratively

    • Advantages and disadvantages are identified.

    Types of Methodology

    • Qualitative, quantitative, correlational, mixed methods, observational, and experimental methods are described.

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