Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following are the four main problems with the scientific method?
- Very linear
- Intuitive
- Facts vs. process
- Focused on experiment
- Not focused on experiment
Which of the following are the four main problems with the scientific method?
- Very linear
- Intuitive
- Facts vs. process
- Focused on experiment
- Not focused on experiment
- Very linear, Not intuitive, Facts vs. process, Focused on experiment (correct)
- Very linear, Intuitive, Facts vs. process, Focused on experiment
- Very linear, Not intuitive, Facts vs. process, Not focused on experiment
- Very linear, Intuitive, Facts vs. process, Not focused on experiment
What is the hypothesized cause of peptic ulcers?
What is the hypothesized cause of peptic ulcers?
Heliobacter Pylori
What was the method used to investigate peptic ulcers?
What was the method used to investigate peptic ulcers?
- They wanted to investigate peptic ulcers as Warren had previously conducted data on patients with gastrointestinal diseases, and in every patient with ulcers, Pylori was found.
- They first tried to infect tissue cultures with the bacteria, and to no avail.
- Marshall then ingested it himself, and developed an ulcer which was more evidence for the bacteria causing ulcers.
- He then took antibiotics, and the ulcer began to resolve itself, furthering proof of their hypothesis.
- All of the above (correct)
- None of the above
What type of sources were used to investigate peptic ulcers?
What type of sources were used to investigate peptic ulcers?
Which of the following was NOT a deviation from the scientific method in the peptic ulcer study?
Which of the following was NOT a deviation from the scientific method in the peptic ulcer study?
The conclusion of the peptic ulcer study was that peptic ulcers were caused by bacteria.
The conclusion of the peptic ulcer study was that peptic ulcers were caused by bacteria.
What was the long-standing assumption about the cause of peptic ulcers?
What was the long-standing assumption about the cause of peptic ulcers?
What was the hypothesis of Van Helmont's experiment?
What was the hypothesis of Van Helmont's experiment?
Van Helmont dried out 200 pounds of soil to determine the water weight of the soil.
Van Helmont dried out 200 pounds of soil to determine the water weight of the soil.
What was a deviation from the scientific method in Van Helmont's experiment?
What was a deviation from the scientific method in Van Helmont's experiment?
Van Helmont's experiment concluded that the commonly held belief that plants grew from transforming soil into bark, roots, and leaves was true.
Van Helmont's experiment concluded that the commonly held belief that plants grew from transforming soil into bark, roots, and leaves was true.
What was the primary source of the plants' growth?
What was the primary source of the plants' growth?
What was Spencer's hypothesis?
What was Spencer's hypothesis?
Spencer's experiment can be considered as a primary source of investigation.
Spencer's experiment can be considered as a primary source of investigation.
Spencer did not have a formal aim or hypothesis in mind when he conducted this experiment.
Spencer did not have a formal aim or hypothesis in mind when he conducted this experiment.
What were the deviations from the scientific method in Spencer's experiment?
What were the deviations from the scientific method in Spencer's experiment?
Spencer's experiment concluded that microwaves could be harnessed to heat food efficiently if the microwaves were evenly exposed over the food.
Spencer's experiment concluded that microwaves could be harnessed to heat food efficiently if the microwaves were evenly exposed over the food.
What is the type of electromagnetic wave that microwaves are?
What is the type of electromagnetic wave that microwaves are?
What was the only hypothesis in Eratosthenes's experiment?
What was the only hypothesis in Eratosthenes's experiment?
Eratosthenes's experiment concluded that the Earth was a perfect circle.
Eratosthenes's experiment concluded that the Earth was a perfect circle.
Which of the following was NOT a deviation from the scientific method in Eratosthenes's experiment?
Which of the following was NOT a deviation from the scientific method in Eratosthenes's experiment?
What did Eratosthenes theorize about the Earth's circumference?
What did Eratosthenes theorize about the Earth's circumference?
Eratosthenes's estimation of Earth's circumference was very close to the actual value.
Eratosthenes's estimation of Earth's circumference was very close to the actual value.
What was the hypothesis of Doppler's experiment?
What was the hypothesis of Doppler's experiment?
What was the experimental method used by Doppler?
What was the experimental method used by Doppler?
Doppler's experiment was conducted using quantitative data.
Doppler's experiment was conducted using quantitative data.
Doppler's experiment concluded that sound frequencies change relative to the stationary observer as the emitter of sound moves.
Doppler's experiment concluded that sound frequencies change relative to the stationary observer as the emitter of sound moves.
What was the hypothesis of Priestley's experiment?
What was the hypothesis of Priestley's experiment?
Priestley conducted his investigation primarily using a mouse and a candle in a sealed jar.
Priestley conducted his investigation primarily using a mouse and a candle in a sealed jar.
Which of these was observed in Priestley's experiment?
Which of these was observed in Priestley's experiment?
What type of scientific method does Priestley's experiment fall under?
What type of scientific method does Priestley's experiment fall under?
The conclusion of Priestley's experiment was that plants have an opposite effect of breathing which is now called photosynthesis.
The conclusion of Priestley's experiment was that plants have an opposite effect of breathing which is now called photosynthesis.
What was the practical result of Priestley's experiment?
What was the practical result of Priestley's experiment?
The scientific method includes an abstract, introduction, method, results, conclusion, discussion, and significant figures.
The scientific method includes an abstract, introduction, method, results, conclusion, discussion, and significant figures.
The introduction of a scientific report contains the hypothesis and the aim.
The introduction of a scientific report contains the hypothesis and the aim.
The methods section of a scientific report should be written in the present tense.
The methods section of a scientific report should be written in the present tense.
The results section of a scientific report presents data and findings.
The results section of a scientific report presents data and findings.
The conclusions section of a scientific report is where you summarize the results, provide an explanation of the results, and discuss the significance of your research.
The conclusions section of a scientific report is where you summarize the results, provide an explanation of the results, and discuss the significance of your research.
The discussion section of a scientific report analyzes the results, identifies limitations, and discusses future research.
The discussion section of a scientific report analyzes the results, identifies limitations, and discusses future research.
The 'significant figures' section of a scientific report is where you define the accuracy of the data and provide guidance on how to represent it numerically.
The 'significant figures' section of a scientific report is where you define the accuracy of the data and provide guidance on how to represent it numerically.
The scientific method is a linear process that proceeds from observations to hypothesis formation to data collection to data analysis to conclusion.
The scientific method is a linear process that proceeds from observations to hypothesis formation to data collection to data analysis to conclusion.
Working independently on scientific research is always more efficient than working collaboratively.
Working independently on scientific research is always more efficient than working collaboratively.
What is the most important advantage of working independently on scientific research?
What is the most important advantage of working independently on scientific research?
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of working collaboratively on scientific research?
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of working collaboratively on scientific research?
What is the main disadvantage of working independently on scientific research?
What is the main disadvantage of working independently on scientific research?
What is the main disadvantage of working collaboratively on scientific research?
What is the main disadvantage of working collaboratively on scientific research?
Which of the following is NOT a type of methodology for scientific research?
Which of the following is NOT a type of methodology for scientific research?
What is the primary characteristic of observational methodology?
What is the primary characteristic of observational methodology?
What is the primary characteristic of experimental methodology?
What is the primary characteristic of experimental methodology?
What is the primary characteristic of descriptive methodology?
What is the primary characteristic of descriptive methodology?
Flashcards
Peptic Ulcers
Peptic Ulcers
Sores that develop on the stomach lining.
Heliobacter Pylori
Heliobacter Pylori
A bacterium linked to peptic ulcers.
Scientific Method
Scientific Method
A systematic approach to research using observations and experiments.
Hypothesis (Peptic Ulcers)
Hypothesis (Peptic Ulcers)
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Experiment (Peptic Ulcers)
Experiment (Peptic Ulcers)
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Van Helmont's Hypothesis
Van Helmont's Hypothesis
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Van Helmont's Method
Van Helmont's Method
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Spencer's Hypothesis
Spencer's Hypothesis
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Spencer's Method
Spencer's Method
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Eratosthenes' Hypothesis
Eratosthenes' Hypothesis
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Eratosthenes' Method
Eratosthenes' Method
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Doppler Effect
Doppler Effect
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Doppler's Method
Doppler's Method
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Priestley's Hypothesis
Priestley's Hypothesis
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Priestley's Method
Priestley's Method
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Significant Figures
Significant Figures
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Quantitative Research
Quantitative Research
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Qualitative Research
Qualitative Research
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Correlational Research
Correlational Research
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Mixed Methods
Mixed Methods
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Observational Research
Observational Research
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Experimental Research
Experimental Research
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Descriptive Research
Descriptive Research
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Independent Work
Independent Work
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Collaborative Work
Collaborative Work
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Study Notes
The Scientific Method
- Four main steps are linear, focused on observation, experimentation, and factual results.
- The process is not intuitive.
Peptic Ulcers
- Hypothesis: Peptic ulcers are caused by a bacterium called Helicobacter pylori.
- Method: Researchers investigated peptic ulcers, focusing on patients with gastrointestinal issues. They discovered Helicobacter pylori in all patients with ulcers. They then attempted to infect tissue cultures with the bacteria, but couldn't successfully transmit the illness Marshall then intentionally ingested the bacteria and developed an ulcer. Antibiotics resolved the ulcer in Marshall.
- Methodology: Primary sources (first-hand observations and investigations) were used to directly explore the ulcers.
Deviation from Scientific Method
- Scientists challenged accepted scientific and medical beliefs.
- Only one successful test initially.
- Scientists encountered ethical concerns and opposition from the community.
- Some scientists conducted informal tests without rigorous controls and without precise aims.
Conclusion
- Scientists concluded that bacteria cause peptic ulcers.
- There is a long-standing assumption that ulcers are caused by stress and spicy foods, and excess stomach acid.
Van Helmont
- Hypothesis: Plants grow from sources other than soil.
- Method: Dried out soil, then planted a willow tree in the soil. Measured the weight of the soil and the tree. After five years, the tree had gained weight, but the soil weight decreased only minimally.
- Methodology: Primary source investigation to identify the variables involved.
Spencer
- Hypothesis: Microwaves can efficiently cook food.
- Method: Discovered a candy bar in his pocket had melted and then did multiple experiments with microwaves on popcorn and eggs.
- Methodology: Spencer conducted primary investigations and discovered the principle on his own. His own observations and experiments drove his experiments
Eratosthenes
- Hypothesis: The angle of shadows can be used to calculate the Earth's circumference.
- Method: Observed the angles of shadows cast in Syene and Alexandria at noon (on the summer solstice). Used proportions to calculate Earth's circumference.
- Methodology: Used primary investigation and observations to measure the circumference of the Earth.
Doppler
- Hypothesis: Sound frequencies change relative to the observer when the source is moving.
- Method: Employed a group of trumpeters to conduct experiments by playing music on moving trains to verify sound frequency changes.
- Methodology: Employed a primary investigation.
Priestley
- Hypothesis: Dephlogisticated air (a component of air) is necessary for combustion and better respiration.
- Method: Experiments were conducted with mice, candles, and plants in sealed jars. The experiments were repeated with an additional variable (plant) to see if respiration was affected.
- Methodology: Conducted primary investigation using experiments.
Methodology
- The methods of investigation include primary and secondary sources as well as a qualitative and quantitative approach.
Scientific Report Structure
- Abstract, Introduction (hypothesis & aim), Risk Assessment, Method (materials), Results (data, graphs, and tables), Conclusion, and Discussion, followed by a summary.
Significant Figures
- Rules apply to the recording of numerical data
Working Independently vs Collaboratively
- Advantages and disadvantages are identified.
Types of Methodology
- Qualitative, quantitative, correlational, mixed methods, observational, and experimental methods are described.
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