Khrushchev

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Questions and Answers

Who was regarded as the front runner to succeed Stalin?

Beria

Bulganin

Malenkov (correct)

Khrushchev

What was the immediate goal of the four leaders after Stalin's death?

To prioritize economic recovery

To form a united government

To ensure each other's failure (correct)

To consolidate power within the military

What significant decision was made by the Central Committee Presidium before Stalin died?

To eliminate the role of Prime Minister

To appoint Beria as successor

To revert to the original sized Presidium (correct)

To dissolve the Party Presidium

What position did Malenkov propose for Beria in their political arrangements?

Head of the unified security forces Signup and view all the answers

What was Molotov's restored position after Stalin's death?

Minister of Foreign Affairs Signup and view all the answers

How did Beria behave at Stalin's funeral?

He was disrespectful and did not feign grief Signup and view all the answers

What was the key political institution that the contenders had to identify control over after Stalin's death?

The USSR Council of Ministers Signup and view all the answers

What was Nino's observation about Beria regarding leadership after Stalin's death?

His Georgian heritage was a disadvantage Signup and view all the answers

What was Khrushchev's primary strategy to challenge Beria's power?

Gather military support to arrest Beria Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the secret meeting of the Central Committee regarding Beria?

Beria was declared an enemy of the Party Signup and view all the answers

What significant change occurred after Beria's removal from power?

A power struggle between Malenkov and Khrushchev intensified Signup and view all the answers

What economic policy did Khrushchev advocate to diminish central control?

Creation of Councils of the National Economy (Sovnarkhozy) Signup and view all the answers

Which policy was initiated by Khrushchev in the agricultural sector?

The Virgin Lands Scheme Signup and view all the answers

How did Khrushchev view Beria's early career during the Central Committee meeting?

As a point of severe critique Signup and view all the answers

What happened to Beria after the Central Committee declared him an enemy of the Party?

He was arrested and sent to Lefortovo prison Signup and view all the answers

What stance did Khrushchev take towards the policies of Beria after his death?

He adopted many of Beria's policies Signup and view all the answers

What event reflected the uncertainty of the leadership regarding rank-and-file reaction to Beria's indictment?

The lack of prepared speeches at the plenum Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributed to Khrushchev's rise after Stalin's death?

The failure of Malenkov's policies Signup and view all the answers

How did Khrushchev view his role within the political elite post-Stalin?

As a key member but without total control Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of the upcoming lessons following Beria's removal?

Khrushchev’s rise to power and related policies Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of party dynamics did Khrushchev utilize to strengthen his position?

Manipulating the nomenklatura Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason for Khrushchev delivering the Secret Speech?

To liberate Party officials from fear of repression Signup and view all the answers

How did the delegates react to the revelations in the Secret Speech?

With shock and several were unable to vote Signup and view all the answers

What criticism did Mikoyan direct towards Stalin indirectly?

There was no collective leadership during Stalin's era Signup and view all the answers

What was a major consequence of the Secret Speech on Khrushchev's political standing?

He increased his power and influence within the Party Signup and view all the answers

What did Khrushchev's backtrack on denouncing Stalin indicate?

A need to appease still-influential Stalinists Signup and view all the answers

Which statement reflects the nature of the Secret Speech?

It was a compromise that did not challenge the Stalinist system Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the specific accusations made against Stalin during the Secret Speech?

He falsified the Party's history and his biography Signup and view all the answers

What broader impact did the Secret Speech have beyond the Soviet Union?

It initiated reform movements within Eastern Bloc countries Signup and view all the answers

Which key figure was NOT a new addition to the Presidium after the Twentieth Party Congress?

Vyacheslav Molotov Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant outcome of Khrushchev's actions after the Congress?

The restoration of Party membership to many former Communists Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of Stalin's policies did Khrushchev agree to be necessary?

The forced collectivization and rapid industrialization Signup and view all the answers

What phrase exemplifies the philosophy expressed in the Secret Speech?

The needs of the many outweigh the needs of the few Signup and view all the answers

Which major theme was evident in Khrushchev's reasoning for the Secret Speech?

Fear of Stalin's reign of terror among Party officials Signup and view all the answers

What was a key challenge faced by Khrushchev when delivering the Secret Speech?

Disrupting the already established order of the Party Signup and view all the answers

What was Khrushchev's basic policy regarding land and food production?

Farm more land to provide more food for the country. Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the outcomes of the Austrian State Treaty in 1955?

Soviet troops were withdrawn from Austria, making it neutral. Signup and view all the answers

What significant event took place during de-Stalinisation in 1956?

Khrushchev delivered his 'Secret Speech' denouncing Stalin. Signup and view all the answers

Who was accused of undermining the party and the communist movement during Khrushchev's leadership struggle?

Malenkov. Signup and view all the answers

What was the initial goal of the commission set up by the Central Committee to investigate Stalin's crimes?

To only highlight abuses of power that blemished the Party. Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the primary challenges Khrushchev faced during de-Stalinisation?

Expectation of drastic changes leading to unrest. Signup and view all the answers

How did Khrushchev manage his political rivals during his leadership struggle?

He removed them from key positions but did not expel them from the party. Signup and view all the answers

Which notable Soviet leader did Khrushchev indirectly emulate by 1958?

Stalin. Signup and view all the answers

What action did Khrushchev take regarding the voting of candidate members during the Presidium meeting?

He prevented them from voting. Signup and view all the answers

What change occurred in the composition of the Presidium with Khrushchev's rise to power?

Party apparatus gained control over government positions. Signup and view all the answers

What was the main focus of the resolution discussed at the Central Committee meeting in June 1957?

To remove Khrushchev from power. Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant strategy employed by Khrushchev contrasted with Stalin's rule?

Engagement in open dialogue and less coercion. Signup and view all the answers

What did Khrushchev's 'Secret Speech' primarily address?

The errors and crimes of Stalin. Signup and view all the answers

What role did Beria play in the beginning of de-Stalinisation?

He initiated the process of de-Stalinisation. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason for resentment in Eastern Europe during Khrushchev's era?

Soviet control was deemed too tight Signup and view all the answers

What significant event occurred in Poland in 1956?

Workers in Poznan went on strike Signup and view all the answers

Which leader was brought back to power in Poland to quell unrest in 1956?

Gomulka Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the key demands made by students in Hungary during the 1956 demonstrations?

Multi-party elections Signup and view all the answers

What action did Nagy take that escalated the situation in Hungary on November 1st, 1956?

Withdrew Hungary from the Warsaw Pact Signup and view all the answers

How did the Soviet Union respond to the protests in Poland?

Prepared for possible military intervention Signup and view all the answers

What position did Stalin hold before becoming Prime Minister?

Party Secretary General Signup and view all the answers

What was a direct outcome of the East German Uprising in 1953?

Tightening of Soviet control in the region Signup and view all the answers

What was Khrushchev's approach to reforming socialism in Eastern Europe?

Introducing a more lenient form of socialism Signup and view all the answers

How did Khrushchev benefit from the removal of Malenkov from the CC Secretariat?

He became the sole member in both the Presidium and Secretariat. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the aftermath of the protests in Hungary?

Immediate military intervention by the Soviet Union Signup and view all the answers

What was Beria's primary source of power?

Control over the military and nuclear weapons. Signup and view all the answers

Which was NOT one of Beria's initial reform policies?

Increased collectivization of farming. Signup and view all the answers

What was one significant influence on the protests in Eastern Europe in 1956?

Destalinization under Khrushchev Signup and view all the answers

What led to the East German Uprising in 1953?

Increased labor norms without compensation. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Soviet Union's stance on Gomulka after his return to power in Poland?

They were skeptical of his loyalty Signup and view all the answers

What was a critical factor that prevented immediate conflict in Poland during 1956?

The Soviet Union's focus on Hungary Signup and view all the answers

How did Khrushchev respond to the East German Uprising?

He blamed Beria for the situation. Signup and view all the answers

Which event highlighted the desire for reform among Eastern European countries in 1956?

Uprisings in both Poland and Hungary Signup and view all the answers

What role did Malenkov play in Khrushchev's strategy against Beria?

He assisted in drafting motions against Beria. Signup and view all the answers

What did Khrushchev's rise to power ultimately focus on?

Establishing the Party as the central authority. Signup and view all the answers

What did Khrushchev hope to achieve with his 'secret speech' at the 20th Communist Party Conference?

A reformed approach to socialism that gave countries more freedom Signup and view all the answers

Who was the primary political rival to Khrushchev before Beria's downfall?

Malenkov. Signup and view all the answers

What was the immediate consequence of Beria's arrest?

Khrushchev solidified his power within the Party. Signup and view all the answers

What was a key factor that allowed Khrushchev to betray Beria?

His alliance with Malenkov and Bulganin. Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the results of Beria's reforms regarding Ukraine?

Promotion of Ukrainian leadership and language. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions did Beria NOT take during his time of influence?

Stopped the Doctor's Plot rehabilitations. Signup and view all the answers

What strategic position did Khrushchev hold during Beria's rise to power?

He was a key member of the Party Presidium. Signup and view all the answers

What significant event marked the beginning of the Space Race in 1957?

The launch of Sputnik by the USSR Signup and view all the answers

Which action did Khrushchev take to solidify his power in March 1958?

Simultaneously held two top offices Signup and view all the answers

What technological advancement was the Space Race closely linked to?

Missile technology developed in World War Two Signup and view all the answers

What was Khrushchev's position on the use of coercion for implementing his policies?

He rejected the use of coercion Signup and view all the answers

What historic event allowed Khrushchev to move forward in his political career?

Stalin's death Signup and view all the answers

What was the public reaction to Khrushchev's denouncement of Stalin at the 20th Party Congress?

It sparked protests and anti-Soviet uprisings Signup and view all the answers

What challenge did Khrushchev face regarding educational reforms?

The dominance of the intelligentsia among students Signup and view all the answers

What key strategy did Khrushchev adopt to enhance the image of manual labor?

Raising the prestige of manual jobs in industry and agriculture Signup and view all the answers

What was one of Khrushchev's main goals during his educational reforms?

To increase access to higher education for the working class Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of Khrushchev's power consolidation on the Communist Party?

It caused strife among the top officials Signup and view all the answers

What dual role did Khrushchev take on after March 27, 1958?

He was both the First Secretary and the Premier Signup and view all the answers

What was the main concern of the Americans during the early stages of the Space Race?

The technological gap from the Soviets Signup and view all the answers

What was a consequence of Khrushchev's program of de-Stalinization?

Increased anti-Soviet sentiments and uprisings Signup and view all the answers

What change in meat consumption occurred during this period?

It increased by 55%. Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the social welfare improvements introduced in 1956?

Establishment of a minimum wage. Signup and view all the answers

Which consumer good had a notable increase in household availability by 1968?

Televisions Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the significant changes regarding religion during Khrushchev's rule?

Strengthening of anti-religious propaganda. Signup and view all the answers

What was the change in the number of people in the gulag system during Khrushchev's leadership?

Decreased from over 3 million to fewer than 600,000. Signup and view all the answers

What tactic did Khrushchev use to gain control over agricultural policies?

Decentralizing control to the republics. Signup and view all the answers

What happened to the number of washing machines in the population during this era?

Increased to 77 per thousand. Signup and view all the answers

What resulted from the campaign against organized religion under Khrushchev?

Closure of thousands of churches. Signup and view all the answers

What remained a prominent issue despite improvements in living standards?

Soaring food prices. Signup and view all the answers

What was one effect of the reduction of the secret police's power?

Continued operation of labor camps. Signup and view all the answers

How did Khrushchev's approach to criticism affect public opinion of the government?

Criticism of Stalin was encouraged, but not of the Soviet system. Signup and view all the answers

What was a feature of Khrushchev's Virgin Land Scheme?

Increased agricultural production. Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant change in the duration of primary education during Khrushchev's reforms?

Extended from seven to eight years Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the type of education emphasized by Khrushchev's reforms?

Technical and vocational education for workers Signup and view all the answers

What was a key reason for the opposition to Khrushchev's educational reforms?

Concern over academic standards falling Signup and view all the answers

What notable literary works were published during Khrushchev's cultural thaw?

Not by Bread Alone and One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich Signup and view all the answers

How many libraries existed across the Soviet Union by 1959?

135,000 Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the major criticisms directed towards Khrushchev's housing policies?

Housing quality was generally very poor Signup and view all the answers

What was the nickname given to the cheap, prefabricated apartments built during Khrushchev's housing reforms?

Khrushcheby Signup and view all the answers

Which author faced backlash for their novel 'Dr Zhivago' during Khrushchev's time?

Boris Pasternak Signup and view all the answers

What was a notable increase in the number of individuals pursuing higher education by 1964?

Half a million studying part-time Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the social impacts of the new apartment constructions on families?

Improved privacy and control over living spaces Signup and view all the answers

What priority was emphasized in the cultural policies during Khrushchev's leadership?

Limited criticism of specific issues agreed upon by Khrushchev Signup and view all the answers

What societal shift occurred regarding the urban population's housing satisfaction under Khrushchev?

They were generally happy with their accommodation Signup and view all the answers

What action did Brezhnev take regarding Khrushchev's educational reforms?

Reversed the most controversial changes Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of life saw marked improvements during Khrushchev's leadership?

Standard of living Signup and view all the answers

What initiative did Khrushchev take to incentivize peasants in 1953?

Decreased taxes and increased land for private plots Signup and view all the answers

Which problem was Khrushchev aiming to solve with the Virgin Lands Scheme?

Low grain production and food scarcity Signup and view all the answers

What was a prominent feature of Khrushchev's approach to agricultural policy?

Keeping agricultural information centralized within the Party Signup and view all the answers

What was a notable consequence of Khrushchev's Virgin Lands Scheme in early 1954?

Increased government control over farming practices Signup and view all the answers

What was a major criticism of Khrushchev's proposal to cultivate maize?

It was mandatory despite peasant opposition Signup and view all the answers

By which year had Khrushchev ploughed up a significant amount of virgin land, contributing to increased grain production?

1955 Signup and view all the answers

What was a result of the consolidation of farms under Khrushchev's policies?

Greater efficiency and easier Party control Signup and view all the answers

What metric was used to assess the success of agricultural production in 1954?

Official statement of 3 percent increase in production Signup and view all the answers

What strategy did Khrushchev claim was cheaper and faster compared to intensification?

Utilizing virgin and idle lands for ploughing Signup and view all the answers

What was a critical aspect of Khrushchev's agricultural ambition by 1957?

Catching up with the USA in milk, butter, and meat production Signup and view all the answers

What challenge did Khrushchev face with the virgin lands that could impact their productivity?

Inexperienced workforce and lack of tools Signup and view all the answers

What did Khrushchev do to enforce compliance in agricultural areas like North Kazakhstan?

Installed his own leadership and sacked existing officials Signup and view all the answers

What significant factor contributed to the decline of state procurement prices for agriculture from 1928 to the mid-1950s?

Stagnation of procurement prices over the decades Signup and view all the answers

What was a reason for the high costs of growing extra grain from the virgin lands?

Widespread lack of agricultural technology Signup and view all the answers

What was Khrushchev's reaction upon not receiving a call from Leonid Smirnov after the space launch?

He became agitated and called him. Signup and view all the answers

Which reason best explains Khrushchev's naivety in trusting his accused friends Ignatov, Podgorny, and Shelepin?

He was under significant stress and fatigue. Signup and view all the answers

What action would have been a more appropriate response for Khrushchev regarding the allegations against his friends?

He should have sought an independent investigation. Signup and view all the answers

What did Mikhail Suslov inform Khrushchev when he called?

He informed him that the Presidium had convened. Signup and view all the answers

What was evident regarding the transfer of power to Brezhnev and his co-conspirators?

It occurred without Khrushchev's knowledge at first. Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the key reasons for decreased agricultural investment during the late 1950s?

Decline in overall economic growth Signup and view all the answers

Which crop was primarily promoted by Khrushchev as a replacement for more suitable crops?

Maize Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the significant protests in Novocherkassk in 1962?

Severe state repression resulting in deaths Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a major flaw of the Virgin Land Scheme implemented during Khrushchev's era?

Neglect of crop rotation Signup and view all the answers

What percentage increase in agricultural output was achieved by 1965 compared to the planned increase set in 1958?

20% Signup and view all the answers

How did Khrushchev’s administration attempt to address the low agricultural output?

Launching a campaign to improve crop management Signup and view all the answers

What was one result of the reduced investment in agriculture by 1960?

Drop in agricultural investment share Signup and view all the answers

What challenge did Khrushchev face when trying to shift resources into agriculture?

Strong influence of heavy industry and defense sectors Signup and view all the answers

What surprising action did Khrushchev take in order to recoup higher procurement costs?

Increased retail prices for consumer goods Signup and view all the answers

What was one consequence of the overuse of land during the Virgin Land Scheme?

Soil erosion and depletion of nutrients Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of land under grass was reduced between 1960 and 1963?

50% Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary goal of establishing the 'All-Union Committee for Agriculture'?

To ensure farms met their economic plans Signup and view all the answers

In what way did Khrushchev’s industrial policies lack effectiveness?

Poor coordination of economic policy Signup and view all the answers

How did the Virgin Land Scheme initially impact the acreage dedicated to wheat production?

Increased it significantly Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the major reasons for the low morale among Soviet workers during Khrushchev's reforms?

Constant pressure to meet high work targets Signup and view all the answers

What significant economic reform was introduced by Khrushchev between 1958 and 1962 regarding wages?

Narrowing pay differentials between skilled and unskilled workers Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the outcomes of the abolishment of the draconian labour laws from Stalin's era?

More freedom for workers to change jobs Signup and view all the answers

What did Khrushchev aim to achieve by creating Sovnarkhozy in the Soviet Union?

Local decision-making in economic matters Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic made up a significant portion of the Soviet industrial labor force but faced pay inequalities?

Female workers in traditionally male industries Signup and view all the answers

What major challenge did Khrushchev face when attempting to recruit labor in inhospitable regions like Siberia?

Poor living conditions and amenities Signup and view all the answers

What was a result of the wage reforms implemented during Khrushchev's administration?

Some skilled workers ended up worse off than before Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following strategies did Khrushchev employ to improve worker productivity?

Implementing a seven-hour work day Signup and view all the answers

Why did managers begin to collude with workers during Khrushchev's reforms?

To secure their positions and maintain a stable labor force Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant impact of the reforms on the dynamics of Soviet trade unions?

They were solely used to enforce governmental policies Signup and view all the answers

What was one of Khrushchev's reasons for repealing the Stalinist labor laws?

To promote a better relationship between workers and management Signup and view all the answers

What underlying issue did the wage reform fail to address within the Soviet economy?

Wage inequalities between different industries Signup and view all the answers

How did the repeal of Stalin's labor laws affect workers' ability to change jobs?

It facilitated workers freely switching jobs without fear of punishment Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary focus of Khrushchev's Seven Year Plan launched in 1957?

Increase in consumer goods Signup and view all the answers

What was a major consequence of Khrushchev's attempts to decentralize the economy?

Additional bureaucracy without real authority Signup and view all the answers

How did Khrushchev respond to the uprisings in Hungary and Poland in 1956?

He used force in Hungary and compromise in Poland. Signup and view all the answers

What did the statistic show about the national income under Khrushchev's leadership?

Increased by 58% Signup and view all the answers

What was Khrushchev's ideology regarding the power structure in the Soviet Union?

To decentralize in order to dilute power from rivals Signup and view all the answers

What was Khrushchev's plan for the Soviet economy in the regions east of the Urals?

To invest in oil and natural gas Signup and view all the answers

What significant challenge did Khrushchev face in producing consumer goods?

Diverted funds into non-productive sectors Signup and view all the answers

What major issue did East Germany face during Khrushchev's time in power?

Emigration of young skilled individuals to the West Signup and view all the answers

What was Khrushchev's view of the Yugoslav communists under Tito?

He viewed them as a Trojan horse in communism Signup and view all the answers

What outcome did Albania face due to Khrushchev's leadership?

Broke away from the Soviet Union in 1961 Signup and view all the answers

How did Khrushchev's agricultural initiatives ultimately affect the economy?

They shifted resources away from key industries Signup and view all the answers

What did Khrushchev's 'many ways to socialism' signify in the context of the communist world?

Flexibility in communist ideologies among nations Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best summarizes the effectiveness of Khrushchev's economic plans?

They were characterized by courageous failures. Signup and view all the answers

What factor greatly influenced Albania's stance towards the Soviet Union under Khrushchev?

Alignment with China against Soviet influence Signup and view all the answers

What was Khrushchev's behaviour at the United Nations indicative of?

A calculated act to intimidate the West Signup and view all the answers

What triggered the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961?

The flight of skilled East Germans to the West Signup and view all the answers

Which operation was authorized by Kennedy to help Cuba overthrow Castro?

Operation Mongoose Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the two key lessons the Soviets learned from their actions in Hungary?

They could do as they wished in their own sphere. Signup and view all the answers

What role did the Bay of Pigs invasion play in U.S.-Cuba relations?

It solidified Castro's leadership and reliance on the Soviets. Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome for Imre Nagy after the Hungarian uprising?

He was captured, tried for treason, and executed. Signup and view all the answers

How did Khrushchev respond to the potential U.S. invasion of Cuba?

By proposing to place missiles in Cuba. Signup and view all the answers

Which treaty allowed Austria to become a neutral country after World War II?

The Austrian State Treaty. Signup and view all the answers

What was a consequence of the construction of the Berlin Wall?

Significantly reduced 'brain drain' Signup and view all the answers

What significant military alignment was formed in response to West Germany joining NATO?

The Warsaw Pact. Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the meetings between Khrushchev and Kennedy in Vienna?

No agreements were reached. Signup and view all the answers

What did the U.S. do in response to Khrushchev's unpredictable actions?

Increase military spending. Signup and view all the answers

What was Khrushchev's main goal after becoming prominent in the Soviet Union by 1958?

To reduce tensions in Europe. Signup and view all the answers

Which country had a growing power struggle with the Soviet Union during Khrushchev's rise?

China. Signup and view all the answers

What was one reason for the Soviets' need to reduce defense spending under Khrushchev?

To shift resources to the civil economy. Signup and view all the answers

How did the Korean War formally conclude in 1953?

With an armistice. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of Khrushchev's shoe-banging incident at the UN?

To demand more respect for the USSR. Signup and view all the answers

What event prompted Kennedy to intensify military preparations regarding Cuba?

The discovery of Soviet missiles in Cuba. Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant result of the 1954 military conflict in French Indochina?

Vietnam was divided into North and South. Signup and view all the answers

Which leader's actions led to the downfall of the East German economy prior to the Berlin Wall?

Walter Ulbricht Signup and view all the answers

What significant military technology was the Soviet Union developing by 1957?

Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs). Signup and view all the answers

During the uprisings in 1956 in Eastern Europe, which of the following was NOT one of the uprisings mentioned?

Czechoslovak Uprising. Signup and view all the answers

What was one result of the Checkpoint Charlie incident during the Berlin Wall crisis?

Direct conflict was eventually deescalated. Signup and view all the answers

How many divisions of the Red Army were sent to Budapest during the Hungarian Uprising?

15 divisions. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the fate of East Germany post-1955?

Was integrated into the Warsaw Pact. Signup and view all the answers

What event led to heightened tensions in Asia still being felt during the Cold War era?

The Korean War. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a primary concern for Khrushchev regarding the ongoing Cold War?

Domestic economic reforms. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason for the deterioration of relations between China and the Soviet Union by 1958?

Khrushchev's soft stance on imperialists Signup and view all the answers

During what event did Khrushchev demand the US to cease reconnaissance flights over Soviet territory?

The U2 Crisis Signup and view all the answers

What significant impact did the policies initiated by Khrushchev have on the communist movement?

It led to a polycentric approach to communism Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the key factors that prompted China to pursue its 'Great Leap Forward'?

A desire for economic independence Signup and view all the answers

What was the intention behind the Soviet Union's ultimatum regarding West Berlin in 1958?

To turn West Berlin into a free city Signup and view all the answers

How did the Soviet Union react to border clashes between China and India in early 1960?

By favoring India over China Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant result of the international conference of communist and workers' parties in Moscow in 1960?

A clear division between pro-Soviet and pro-Chinese factions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions did Khrushchev take that heightened tensions with China?

Refusal to assist in China's nuclear development Signup and view all the answers

What marked the culmination of the Berlin Crisis in 1961?

The construction of the Berlin Wall Signup and view all the answers

What ideological claim did China make on Lenin's birthday in April 1960?

To be the true heirs to Leninist revolutionary tradition Signup and view all the answers

Which event indicated a thaw in relations between East and West during Khrushchev's leadership?

The Paris Summit Signup and view all the answers

What was the Western response to the USSR's ultimatum regarding West Berlin in 1959?

To propose a conference in Geneva Signup and view all the answers

Which major conflict reflected the division between Soviet and Chinese interests during the Cold War?

The Sino-Indian War Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the criticisms faced by Khrushchev for his handling of the relationship with China?

Failure to support revolutionary movements Signup and view all the answers

What significant action did Khrushchev take in response to the situation in Cuba?

He accepted a solution proposed by Kennedy. Signup and view all the answers

What factor diminished Khrushchev's legitimacy among Soviet officials?

The break with China and food shortages. Signup and view all the answers

How did Khrushchev's leadership style contribute to his downfall?

His blundering leadership style made it easier for conspirators. Signup and view all the answers

What notable reform did Khrushchev propose in 1964 that was criticized for being poorly advised?

The abolition of the Territorial Production Associations. Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the incident involving Mazurov during Khrushchev's visit to Poland?

It turned Mazurov against Khrushchev. Signup and view all the answers

What were some methods proposed by conspirators to remove Khrushchev from power?

Arranging for accidents and poisoning. Signup and view all the answers

What characterized Khrushchev's personality cult during his last year in office?

An increase in personal adulation and visibility. Signup and view all the answers

How did Khrushchev's view of his leadership role change over time?

He started to see his position as imperious and neglected interpersonal skills. Signup and view all the answers

What issue arose when Khrushchev introduced the reform to establish seventeen agricultural administrations?

Planning of agricultural resources became segregated. Signup and view all the answers

What event led Khrushchev to suspect a conspiracy against him?

A personal phone call from a family member. Signup and view all the answers

How was the opposition to Khrushchev able to consolidate and plan his downfall?

Taking advantage of Khrushchev's heavy travel schedule. Signup and view all the answers

What did Khrushchev's opponents fear regarding his proposal for a five-day work week?

It would make him more popular. Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred about Khrushchev's leadership from his declining legitimacy?

He failed to maintain cooperative relationships. Signup and view all the answers

What did Khrushchev's final years reveal about his governing style?

He increasingly relied on authoritarian measures. Signup and view all the answers

What was one consequence of Khrushchev's cumbersome travel schedule?

A lack of attention to domestic politics. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Contenders for Leadership After Stalin's Death

No clear successor was designated by Stalin, creating uncertainty in succession.
Malenkov emerged as a front-runner due to his role at the Nineteenth Party Congress.
Key figures in the power struggle included Beria, Bulganin, Khrushchev, and Malenkov.
Initial meetings occurred before Stalin's death, indicating political maneuvering among contenders.
Decisions made by the Central Committee Presidium included reverting to the original Presidium size.

Political Arrangements Post-Stalin

Beria nominated Malenkov as Prime Minister; Malenkov proposed Beria as deputy and head of security.
Molotov reassumed his position as foreign minister, while Khrushchev nominated Bulganin for defense.
Public reassurances were made to avoid panic after Stalin's death.
Beria displayed a lack of respect at Stalin's funeral, signaling potential tensions.

The Power Struggle: Beria's Actions

Beria attempted to consolidate power through reforms, including:
- Release of around 1 million prisoners from Gulags.
- Discrediting the fabricated Doctor’s Plot and rehabilitating surviving doctors.
- Ending Russification policies in Ukraine, promoting local leadership and language.
- Proposing agricultural reforms to allow peasants greater autonomy.
These initiatives laid groundwork for de-Stalinisation, fostering Beria’s popularity in Ukraine.

The East German Uprising and Beria's Downfall

Economic pressures from East Germany's policies led to social unrest.
Beria's recommendations included liberal reforms, yet both he and the East German leadership struggled with public discontent.
Workers’ uprisings prompted Khrushchev to blame Beria for mishandling the situation.
A conspiracy against Beria culminated in his arrest by Soviet military and political leaders during a Presidium meeting.

Arrest and Execution of Beria

Beria was arrested on June 26, 1953; his conspirators rallied support among the military and political elite.
The Central Committee declared Beria an enemy of the Party, leading to his trial and execution.
Khrushchev strategically distanced himself from Beria's past by downplaying purges committed under Stalin.

Power Transition: Khrushchev vs. Malenkov

After Beria's removal, a contest between Khrushchev and Malenkov emerged.
Khrushchev secured alliances within the Party structure, positioning himself as the leading figure.
Malenkov's economic policies were ineffective, contributing to his political decline by 1955.

Khrushchev's Ascendance in the Party

Khrushchev’s approach involved reaching out to the public, contrasting Stalin's secretive regime.
Advocated for decentralization, promoting regional autonomy and agricultural improvements.
Sought to control the Party's direction and polish his image as a reformer.

Anti-Party Group and Consolidation of Power

The Anti-Party Group led by Molotov and Malenkov attempted to challenge Khrushchev’s position in 1958.
Khrushchev defended his policies and appealed to the Central Committee for support.
He successfully retained his position, highlighting the shift of power towards the Party rather than government.

De-Stalinisation Process

The de-Stalinisation initiative began under Beria and intensified with Khrushchev's leadership.
A commission was formed to investigate Stalin's crimes, focusing on abuses of power rather than outright condemnation.
Modest critiques of Stalin's policies were introduced to signal changes in leadership and direction at the Twentieth Party Congress.

Implications of Leadership Changes

Khrushchev’s rise took five years, comparable to Stalin's initial consolidation of power.
He navigated the political landscape without resorting to Stalin's brutal tactics, reshaping governance based on reform rather than coercion.
The evolution in leadership reflected broader shifts in Soviet ideology, with emphasis on reform and rehabilitation following decades of repression.### Khrushchev and the Twentieth Party Congress
Khrushchev redrafted the commission's report leading to his "Secret Speech" at the Twentieth Party Congress on February 14, 1956.
Reports showcased a booming economy with record agricultural yields and an increase in housing and consumer goods.
The Congress confirmed a shift in foreign policy, moving away from Stalin's two-camp theory to acceptance of multiple socialism paths.
Khrushchev addressed Stalin's crimes during a closed session, using collective Central Committee authority, following Mikoyan's critical remarks about Stalin's leadership.

The Secret Speech Impact

Misnamed as "secret," the speech was delivered to select delegates and guests, making global headlines.
It condemned Stalin’s purges and crimes against party members while acknowledging the necessity of forced collectivization and industrialization.
Khrushchev's speech shocked delegates who had revered Stalin, leading to immediate discussions in party and workplace meetings.

Reasons for the Secret Speech

Aimed to liberate party members from Stalin's oppressive control and to reform the Party's image.
Functioned as a tactical move in the power struggle against former Stalinist officials, urging them to align with him.
Resulted in the release of millions from camps, marking an unprecedented change in Soviet leadership dynamics.

Consequences of the Twentieth Party Congress

Khrushchev emerged more powerful, with notable changes in the Presidium and Central Committee compositions.
Stories from released prisoners sparked public horror and initiated a sense of new openness within Soviet society.
Khrushchev acknowledged shared responsibility for Stalin’s atrocities, marking a significant shift in political accountability.

Eastern Bloc Uprisings

Control in the Eastern Bloc stemmed from Red Army power, resulting in uprisings, notably the East German Uprising in 1953.
Khrushchev advocated for increased autonomy for Eastern European nations to maintain socialist ideologies without Soviet oppression.
The 1956 Polish Uprising was ignited by strikes for better conditions, leading to a power shift with the reinstatement of Gomulka as a trusted leader.

Hungarian Revolution of 1956

Initiated by student-led protests demanding reforms, which resulted in Nagy being appointed leader after Gero stepped down.
Nagy's announcement of withdrawing from the Warsaw Pact triggered Soviet military action, emphasizing limitations on national sovereignty.
The Soviet response involved a significant military intervention, leading to the re-establishment of communist control under Kadar after Nagy was executed.

Cold War Context by 1958

The Cold War dynamics evolved in Europe and Asia, influenced by significant events in the Eastern Bloc.
The Austrian State Treaty in 1955 marked a fleeting moment of détente, while West Germany's NATO membership solidified divisions.
In Asia, tension grew with the Sino-Soviet split brewing, particularly against the backdrop of Mao's response to Khrushchev’s policies.

Technological Developments

The arms race escalated post-1945, featuring the development of nuclear arsenals and ICBMs, with the USSR achieving early dominance in the space race through Sputnik and other innovations.
The establishment of NASA in 1958 responded to Soviet advancements, marking the U.S. commitment to competing in both the arms and space domains.

Khrushchev's Position in 1958

On March 27, 1958, Khrushchev became the first leader since Stalin to hold both the titles of First Secretary of the Communist Party and Premier of the Soviet Union, cementing his position at the helm of Soviet power.### Khrushchev's Rise to Power
Khrushchev became the undisputed leader of the Soviet Union and the communist world after a tumultuous path, especially post-Stalin's death in 1953.
Initial challenges included being sidelined in power dynamics until Malenkov's removal from the First Secretary post allowed Khrushchev to solidify his power base.
Successfully maneuvered political rivals, including Beria's eventual execution, during his rise.
In 1956, denounced Stalin at the 20th Party Congress, initiating a period of "thaw" that led to the release of millions of political prisoners.
Faced anti-Soviet uprisings in Poland and Hungary; negotiated peace in Poland while crushing the Hungarian rebellion.
In 1958, he secured the role of Soviet premier, establishing himself as the foremost authority in the USSR.

Education Reforms

Launched educational reforms in July 1958 aimed at combating the elitism of higher education.
Emphasized vocational training and practical work experience; aimed to improve labor supply for industry.
Expanded evening and correspondence courses, facilitating greater access to education for working-class students.
Higher education institutions grew significantly, with part-time students increasing to 500,000 by 1964.

Cultural Liberalization

Eased censorship, resulting in a surge of published works and increased library access; by the late 1950s, 65,000 books per year were published.
Increased literary and artistic expression; authors like Solzhenitsyn and Dudintsev began critiquing the establishment.
However, limitations on criticism persisted, illustrated by the rejection of Pasternak's "Dr Zhivago," leading to backlash against him.

Housing Initiatives

Aimed to alleviate housing shortages, resulting in the construction of numerous prefabricated apartments (Khrushcheby) by 1965.
About 108 million people moved into new accommodations, improving living conditions and offering privacy.
Policy shifts allowed housing cooperatives, benefiting some at the expense of others, leading to uneven housing opportunities.

Improvements in Living Standards

Overall increase in the standard of living; meat consumption rose by 55%, and a minimum wage was introduced in 1956.
Enhanced access to consumer goods and healthcare; notable increases in the number of doctors and hospital beds.
Despite improvements, many consumer items remained pricey, leading to dissatisfaction among workers who experienced declining wages.

Religious Policies

Engaged in a campaign against organized religion, closing thousands of churches and increasing taxes on religious groups.
Aimed to promote atheism in line with Lenin's ideals; a significant number of mosques and synagogues also faced similar repression.

Methods of Control

Although the thaw allowed for some cultural freedoms, censorship remained; labor camps continued albeit with reduced populations.
Secret police (KGB) retained significant power, implementing surveillance and maintaining a climate of fear against dissent.

Virgin Lands Scheme

Khrushchev gained control over agricultural policies by transferring powers from central ministries to the Communist Party.
Launched the Virgin Lands Scheme in 1954, promoting cultivation of previously unused land.
Massive mobilization efforts aimed to increase grain output, despite skepticism regarding the initiative's feasibility and long-term success.
Initiated the ploughing of 13 million hectares with projected high yields, often disregarding local agricultural knowledge and conditions.

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Description

Explore the power struggle for leadership in the Soviet Union following Stalin's death. This quiz delves into the ambitions of key figures like Malenkov, Beria, Bulganin, and Khrushchev as they vied to become Stalin's successor. Test your knowledge on this critical period in Soviet history.