Southern Democratic Policies Post-Civil War

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Questions and Answers

What was the purpose of the black codes in the South after the Civil War?

To restrict the freedom of African Americans through laws (correct)

To encourage African American participation in politics

To offer economic support to the African American community

To grant African Americans full civil rights immediately

What was the outcome of the Plessy v. Ferguson case?

The grandfather clause was deemed unconstitutional

All discriminatory laws were declared unconstitutional

Separate facilities were ruled to be inherently unequal (correct)

African Americans gained full voting rights

What was the purpose of the literacy test and understanding clause in voting requirements?

To assess if voters could read and understand certain documents (correct)

To discriminate against immigrants

To ensure only wealthy individuals could vote

To encourage political participation

Which organization aimed to lower railroad rates charged to farmers?

Patrons of Husbandry Signup and view all the answers

What did John D. Rockefeller monopolize during the Gilded Age?

Oil industry Signup and view all the answers

What concept did Andrew Carnegie promote in his book 'The Gospel of Wealth'?

The duty of the rich to be philanthropic Signup and view all the answers

What did the Arabic pledge require Germany to do?

Give civilians 30 minutes warning before sinking ships Signup and view all the answers

Which act authorized an increase in the regulatory army in the US?

National Defense Act Signup and view all the answers

What was the main reason for Wilson winning the election of 1916?

Promising to keep the US out of war Signup and view all the answers

What did the Zimmerman Letter suggest to the Mexican government?

To keep American military occupied Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the Lever Food and Fuel Act during World War I?

Manage production and distribution of essential resources for war effort Signup and view all the answers

Which act made it a crime to convey information intended to interfere with the US armed forces during World War I?

Espionage Act Signup and view all the answers

What was significant about Wilson's 14 Points?

'He kept us out of war' phrase Signup and view all the answers

What was demanded in the Versailles Treaty that ended World War I?

Total victory over Germany Signup and view all the answers

'Return to Normalcy' was associated with which President's campaign slogan in the 1920 election?

'Return to Normalcy' Signup and view all the answers

'Red Summer' following World War I involved violence between which two groups?

'White' and 'Black' Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of 'The Jungle' by Upton Sinclair?

Highlighted the horrors of the meat packing industry Signup and view all the answers

What did the Mann-Elkins Act empower the Interstates Commerce Commission (ICC) to regulate?

Telegraph and telephone lines Signup and view all the answers

Which event led to a national wave of xenophobia and the labeling of labor unions with violence and anarchy?

Haymarket Affair Signup and view all the answers

What was a key focus of the American Federation of Labor (AFL) under Samuel Gompers' leadership?

Improving conditions for workers Signup and view all the answers

Which amendment directly allowed for the direct election of senators in the United States?

17th Amendment Signup and view all the answers

What did the Progressive Era introduce to address economic and social problems due to rapid industrialization?

Efficiency movement and conservation practices Signup and view all the answers

Which countries comprised the Central Powers during World War I?

Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire Signup and view all the answers

'No use of expanding bullets' was a rule established by which international agreement?

'Hague Convention' rules Signup and view all the answers

'8 anarchists were given the death sentence' is associated with which historical event?

'Haymarket Affair' Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Boxer Rebellion?

To end foreign influence in China Signup and view all the answers

Why did the American First Committee oppose intervention in WWII?

To avoid financial burdens of war Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the Lend-Lease Act during WWII?

To supply Great Britain with war materials Signup and view all the answers

Why did the U.S. implement the Neutrality Acts?

To protect American citizens and interests during conflicts Signup and view all the answers

What did the Atlantic Charter entail?

A joint statement of war aims between the U.S. and Great Britain Signup and view all the answers

What did the Export Control Act ban during WWII?

Export of aircraft parts to Japan Signup and view all the answers

'Lafayette, we are here' was spoken by an American officer at whose tomb?

Marquis de Lafayette Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Robber Barons and Labor Unions

J.P. Morgan, an American financier and banker, bought out Carnegie for $480 million, creating the first billion-dollar company in the world.
The Great Railroad Strike of 1894 was the first true interstate strike, involving 100,000 railroad workers from multiple states, lasting 69 days until put down by unofficial militias.
The Noble and Holy Order of the Knight of Labor was a secret society of tailors that wanted to end child and convict labor, as well as promote 8-hour workdays.

American Federation of Labor and Labor Unions

The American Federation of Labor was formed by leaders of several craft unions, focusing on improving workers' conditions.
Samuel Gompers was the president of the American Federation of Labor.
The Homestead Steel Strike was triggered by wage cuts and anti-union citations, resulting in the deaths of 7 Pinkerton men and many injuries.

Progressive Era

The Progressive Era was a term applied to various responses to economic and social problems caused by rapid industrialization in America.
Muckrakers, like Upton Sinclair, exposed problems in American society through their writing.
The Jungle, written by Upton Sinclair, brought attention to the plight of workers in the meatpacking industry and the need for better nutrition and ingredient labels.

Government Reforms

The 17th Amendment allowed for the direct election of senators.
The 19th Amendment granted women's suffrage.
The Efficiency Movement aimed to create city managers and county commissioners, promoting conservation.
Regulations were put in place to control big corporations, including trust-busting and prohibition.

Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft

Theodore Roosevelt was involved in conservation acts, the Pure Food and Drug Act, and the Meat Inspection Act.
William Howard Taft made the 17th Amendment, the Elkins Act, and the Mann-Elkins Act, which gave the ICC power to regulate telephone, telegraph, and cable lines.

World War I

The Lusitania, a British passenger ship, was sunk by a German U-Boat, killing 128 Americans and turning public opinion against Germany.
The Central Powers consisted of Austria-Hungary, Germany, and the Ottoman Empire.
The Triple Entente consisted of Britain, France, and Russia.
The Hague Convention rules prohibited the use of asphyxiating gases, expanding bullets, and projectiles or explosives from balloons.

Race Relations and Labor

The Bourbons Democrats in the South wanted to return to pre-Civil War race relations.
The Black Codes limited the freedom of African Americans through restrictive laws, forcing them to sign yearly labor contracts and prohibiting certain occupations.
The Mississippi Plan, the Grandfather Clause, and the Understanding Clause were used to disenfranchise African Americans.
Homer Plessy, who was 1/8 African American, was involved in the Plessy v. Ferguson case, which led to the "separate but equal" doctrine.

Populist Party and Labor Unions

The Patrons of Husbandry, also known as the Grange, was the oldest American agricultural advocacy group, focusing on lowering railroad rates.
The Farmers' Alliance, composed of three independent organizations, formed the Populist Party, led by William Jennings Bryan.
The Populist Party aimed to address labor issues and promote agrarian interests.

Inventions and Industrialization

Inventions during the Gilded Age included the refrigerated railroad car, mechanized glass making, the cigarette rolling machine, and the telephone.
John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company had a monopoly on the oil industry, owning everything from extraction to distribution.
Andrew Carnegie's steel company owned everything from extraction to production.

World War I and American Involvement

The Arabic Pledge promised Germany would not sink passenger ships without warning and give civilians 30 minutes' notice.
The National Security League introduced compulsory military training, increasing the size of the US army, and mandating government control over the economy.
The Revenue Act raised taxes, including the introduction of new taxes on estates and excess business profits.

Election of 1916 and Wilson's Presidency

Wilson won the election of 1916 with the phrase "He kept us out of war."
Wilson's 14 points included freedom of navigation of the seas, national armaments reduction, and the creation of a League of Nations.
The Versailles Treaty demanded total victory over Germany, leading to the redrawing of the map of Europe.

Post-War Era and Red Scare

The Red Summer of 1919 saw white vs. black violence and anti-black riots.
The Red Scare of 1919-1920 involved the fear of communists working to destroy the American way of life.
A.M. Mitchell Palmer and J. Edgar Hoover orchestrated raids on alleged radical centers, arresting over 6,000 people.

Election of 1920 and Harding's Presidency

The election of 1920 saw Warren G. Harding defeat James Cox, with the promise of "return to normalcy."
Florence Harding was an active First Lady, supporting women's suffrage and anti-racism.
The Ohio Gang, a group of Harding's friends and supporters, were involved in scandals.
The Teapot Dome Scandal involved corruption and bribery by a Harding cabinet member.

Calvin Coolidge and Herbert Hoover

Calvin Coolidge worked to improve relations with Latin American countries, standardized the 8-hour workday, and dedicated the Lincoln Memorial.
Herbert Hoover's presidency saw the stock market crash of 1929, which led to the Great Depression.
Hoover's administration refused direct federal intervention, instead relying on voluntary efforts to care for and help those affected.

The Great Depression and Isolationism

The Great Depression led to widespread unemployment and economic crisis.
The Bonus Army, a group of WWI veterans, marched on D.C. to demand immediate payment of their government war bonuses.
Isolationism during WWII was influenced by the horrors of WWI, a sense of security due to the ocean, and the feeling that the US should steer clear of future wars.

World War II and American Involvement

The First Neutrality Act prohibited the export of arms, ammunition, and implements of war, as well as travel to war zones.
The Lend-Lease Act provided Great Britain with supplies needed to fight Germany, without entering the war.
The American First Committee opposed American intervention in WWII, while Charles Lindbergh was a vocal critic of intervention.

Pearl Harbor and the Japanese Attack

The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor was motivated by the Export Control Act, which banned the export of aircraft parts, chemicals, and other materials to Japan.
The Japanese attack missed the US aircraft carriers, dry docks, and fuel storage facilities.

The Atlantic Charter and the Four Freedoms

The Atlantic Charter, signed by Winston Churchill and FDR, discussed respective war aims and joint statements of war aims.
The Four Freedoms, advocated by FDR, included freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear.

The US and China

The Boxer Rebellion was an uprising in China aimed at ending foreign influence.
The Open Door Policy was an American statement that favored free trade in China without colonizing it.
The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere was a Japanese imperialistic system that reduced its member countries to puppet nations.

The End of World War II

The war guilt clause in the Treaty of Versailles declared Germany and Austria responsible for WWI.
The New Deal, a series of reforms enacted by FDR, aimed to end the Great Depression.
The Hundred Days, a special session of Congress, launched FDR's New Deal programs.

Fireside Chats and the New Deal

FDR's Fireside Chats were radio broadcasts made to the American people to explain his initiatives.
The New Deal programs, including the Works Progress Administration, the Civilian Conservation Corps, and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, aimed to address the economic crisis.

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Test your knowledge on the post-Civil War policies implemented by Southern Democrats like Black Codes, Mississippi Plan, and Grandfather Clause which restricted the freedom and voting rights of African Americans.