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Questions and Answers
What system is used to romanize Thai names and words in this work?
What system is used to romanize Thai names and words in this work?
- Simplified English Romanization
- International Phonetic Alphabet
- General System of Phonetic Transcription by the Thai Royal Academy (correct)
- Modified Wade-Giles System
Which of the following was NOT mentioned as a source of assistance for the book's creation?
Which of the following was NOT mentioned as a source of assistance for the book's creation?
- Cornell Savoyards
- Cornell University Southeast Asia Program
- University of California (correct)
- National Endowment for the Humanities
How are Thai personal names typically referred to in Thailand?
How are Thai personal names typically referred to in Thailand?
- By their nickname
- By surname only
- By their given name (correct)
- By their full name with title
What is the significance of diacritics in the romanization of Thai in this work?
What is the significance of diacritics in the romanization of Thai in this work?
Which of the following correctly reflects the pronunciation of the aspirated consonant 'ph' in Thai?
Which of the following correctly reflects the pronunciation of the aspirated consonant 'ph' in Thai?
What historical terms were used in premodern Thailand to denote royalty?
What historical terms were used in premodern Thailand to denote royalty?
Who was responsible for drawing maps according to specifications in the work?
Who was responsible for drawing maps according to specifications in the work?
In telephone directories and library catalogs, how are Thai names usually listed?
In telephone directories and library catalogs, how are Thai names usually listed?
What was one of the primary agricultural products cultivated by Southeast Asians around ten thousand years ago?
What was one of the primary agricultural products cultivated by Southeast Asians around ten thousand years ago?
Which animal was domesticated by Southeast Asians during their early agricultural development?
Which animal was domesticated by Southeast Asians during their early agricultural development?
What technological innovation did Southeast Asians create that aided in navigation?
What technological innovation did Southeast Asians create that aided in navigation?
Around how many years ago did sophisticated metallurgy develop in Southeast Asia?
Around how many years ago did sophisticated metallurgy develop in Southeast Asia?
During what timeframe did the peoples of Southeast Asia begin to share a common, distinctive civilization?
During what timeframe did the peoples of Southeast Asia begin to share a common, distinctive civilization?
What was a significant feature of inheritance practices among Southeast Asian peoples?
What was a significant feature of inheritance practices among Southeast Asian peoples?
What role did women generally hold in Southeast Asian societies compared to their counterparts in China and India?
What role did women generally hold in Southeast Asian societies compared to their counterparts in China and India?
Which of the following beliefs was common among the peoples of Southeast Asia?
Which of the following beliefs was common among the peoples of Southeast Asia?
Which ruler began the rapid expansion of the Angkorean Empire in the ninth century?
Which ruler began the rapid expansion of the Angkorean Empire in the ninth century?
What geographic feature served as the core of the Angkorean Empire?
What geographic feature served as the core of the Angkorean Empire?
Which area did the Angkorean Empire extend to the west, reaching into modern Thailand?
Which area did the Angkorean Empire extend to the west, reaching into modern Thailand?
During the ninth and tenth centuries, what kingdom emerged in the central region of Burma?
During the ninth and tenth centuries, what kingdom emerged in the central region of Burma?
What was the primary rival that the Angkorean Empire faced to the east?
What was the primary rival that the Angkorean Empire faced to the east?
What significant event occurred around 835 that influenced the rise of Pegu on the coast?
What significant event occurred around 835 that influenced the rise of Pegu on the coast?
Which region did Nan Zhao cease its military and political activities in during the middle of the ninth century?
Which region did Nan Zhao cease its military and political activities in during the middle of the ninth century?
What dominant agricultural practice supported the new Pagan kingdom established by the Burmans?
What dominant agricultural practice supported the new Pagan kingdom established by the Burmans?
What was the argument regarding the migration of the Tai peoples into Southeast Asia?
What was the argument regarding the migration of the Tai peoples into Southeast Asia?
Who was the ruling family that governed the province of Yunnan after the fall of the Han Dynasty?
Who was the ruling family that governed the province of Yunnan after the fall of the Han Dynasty?
Which group was described as the 'Wu-man' or 'black barbarians' in western Yunnan?
Which group was described as the 'Wu-man' or 'black barbarians' in western Yunnan?
What event triggered the dispersion of the Tai peoples according to the argument presented?
What event triggered the dispersion of the Tai peoples according to the argument presented?
What was the state of Nan Zhao primarily centered around during the seventh century?
What was the state of Nan Zhao primarily centered around during the seventh century?
Which ruler gained recognition from the Chinese court as 'Prince of Yunnan'?
Which ruler gained recognition from the Chinese court as 'Prince of Yunnan'?
What was a significant factor that threatened China's southwestern frontiers in Yunnan and Sichuan?
What was a significant factor that threatened China's southwestern frontiers in Yunnan and Sichuan?
How did relations between the Southern Prince (Nan Zhao) and China change during the 740s?
How did relations between the Southern Prince (Nan Zhao) and China change during the 740s?
What did the Sivalinga represent in the religious traditions mentioned?
What did the Sivalinga represent in the religious traditions mentioned?
Which province maintained its independence until the early 11th century?
Which province maintained its independence until the early 11th century?
Who came to the aid of Lopburi during its attack by Haripunjaya?
Who came to the aid of Lopburi during its attack by Haripunjaya?
What major military action succeeded in taking the capital region of Angkor?
What major military action succeeded in taking the capital region of Angkor?
What action did Lopburi repeatedly take to assert its independence?
What action did Lopburi repeatedly take to assert its independence?
Which Khmer ruler oversaw a campaign against Haripunjaya?
Which Khmer ruler oversaw a campaign against Haripunjaya?
What year was the inscription at Nakhon Sawan left, possibly by a king of independent Lopburi?
What year was the inscription at Nakhon Sawan left, possibly by a king of independent Lopburi?
By what year had Jayavarman VII reestablished Angkor's authority in central Siam?
By what year had Jayavarman VII reestablished Angkor's authority in central Siam?
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Study Notes
Acknowledgments and Support
- Work initiated in 1973-74 under a Senior Fellowship from the National Endowment for the Humanities.
- Assistance received from Cornell University Southeast Asia Program, Department of History, and John M. Echols Collection.
- Contributions from individuals: Mrs. Kullasap Gesmankit (National Library of Thailand), Penelope Van Esterik, William L. Bradley, and Stephanie Voss for illustrations and maps.
- Technical support provided by Douglas, Andrew, and James Wyatt in computer software development.
Romanization System
- Thai names romanized using the Thai Royal Academy's "General System of Phonetic Transcription."
- Minimal use of diacritics; only "i" maintained from the Royal Academy's system.
- Personal names based on individual preferences; geographical names adhere to U.S. Board on Geographic Names standards.
- Aspirated consonants (p, t, k) represented as ph, th, kh, but pronounced differently than in English.
Names, Ranks, and Titles in Thailand
- Surnames introduced in the 20th century; individuals commonly referred to by given names.
- Traditional royal terminology includes chao, khun, and thao.
- Agricultural practices began ten to twenty thousand years ago; early domestication of animals like chickens.
Cultural Development in Southeast Asia
- Distinct ethnic groups formed linguistically and culturally over a span of ten thousand years.
- Key advancements included domestication of swine, cattle, and rice cultivation.
- Invention of the outrigger canoe enabled extensive navigation, reaching regions as far as Japan, Melanesia, India, and East Africa.
- Early metallurgy with copper, bronze, and iron production, evidenced by archaeological findings in northeastern Thailand.
Economic and Social Structures
- Societies primarily engaged in subsistence rice agriculture, fishing, and gathering forest products.
- Villages operated within a nuclear family structure; communication and trade amongst them in textiles, tools, and pottery.
- High labor value due to underpopulation; women had relatively higher social status compared to their Chinese and Indian counterparts.
Folk Beliefs
- Strong presence of good and evil spirits influencing daily life; ceremonies and offerings required for appeasement.
Tai Peoples and Their Migration
- Debate on the origins of Tai peoples; some theorize they entered Southeast Asia in the 13th century after dispersing from the Nan Zhao state due to Mongol conquest.
- Historical context emphasizes the need to explore Nan Zhao's impact on early Tai cultural and institutional development.
Historical Context of Nan Zhao
- Chinese control established in Yunnan in the second century A.D., encountering various "barbarian" tribes.
- The Zuan family governed the region post-Han Dynasty collapse.
- Wu-man peoples dominated western Yunnan; they formed the Nan Zhao state in the 7th century.
Angkorean Empire Expansion
- Rapid expansion under Jayavarman II (circa 802); successors, especially Yaso-varman I, further extended the empire.
- The empire included core Cambodian territories, control over the Mekong Delta, and influence into Laos and northern Thailand, including Haripufjaya kingdom.
- Lesser political organization in Burma; Burmans began to establish Pagan kingdom in the mid-9th century after Pyu kingdom collapse.
Sociopolitical Dynamics in Angkor and Lopburi
- Local governance by Khmer officials in provinces like Lopburi; attempted independence noted through diplomatic missions to China.
- Jayavarman VII reasserted Angkor's authority in central Siam by 1180, countering local rebellions and maintaining regional dominance.
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