South Africa Negotiation Council

• Multi-party negotiation process resumed in March 1993 with a newly named Multi-party Negotiating Council (or Forum), involving 26 parties.
• The previous name, CODESA, was dropped due to its perceived "bad-luck."
• Inkatha's leader, Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi, withdrew Inkatha from the council and formed an alliance called COSAG with the Conservative Party and two governments of 'independent homelands'.

Murder of Chris Hani; Significance to the Process; Date of Elections Set

• The negotiation process faced danger when Chris Hani, a charismatic ANC and MK leader, was assassinated on April 10, 1993 (Easter Saturday).
• Janusz Walus, a far-right Polish immigrant, was Hani's murderer, colluding with Clive Derby-Lewis, an English-speaking ex-Rhodesian Conservative Party member.
• Hani's popularity among black South Africans, especially the more militant, made his death a trigger for a potential race war.
• An Afrikaner woman's quick action in noting the assassin's license plate led to the conspirators' arrest within 15 minutes.
• Nelson Mandela addressed the country on television and radio to prevent a bloodbath.
• After Hani's assassination, negotiators sped up the process to prevent racial conflict.
• The date for the first democratic elections in South Africa was set for April 27, 1994, in June 1993.
• Retha Harmse, Hani's neighbor, provided the license plate number to authorities that lead to the captured of Janusz Waluz, with the smoking gun.
• Clive Derby-Lewis and his wife were arrested as well
• Mandela's speech following Chris Hani's assasination calmed racial tensions and called for unity among races in South Africa.
• ANC vowed to continue negotiations
• De Klerk released a statement of sympathy from his Cape holiday home.

Ongoing Violence: Attempts to Derail Negotiations Flair after Agreements

• In May 1993, right-wing Afrikaner political groups formed the Afrikaner Volksfront to pursue a separate Afrikaner state, engaging in talks with the ANC.
• In June 1993, the AWB attacked the World Trade Centre through the plate glass windows terrorising workers, the AWB held a braai outdoors where it was noted that police did not intervene.

St James Massacre and Heidelberg Tavern Killings

• The Azanian People's Liberation Amy launched an attack on St James' Church on July 25, 1993, killing 11 and injuring 56.
• Amy Biehl, an American student and supporter of liberation, was killed in Gugulethu by youth supporting the PAC.
• APLA members attacked the Heidelberg Tavern on December 31, 1993, resulting in four deaths and seven injuries; the PAC justified this due to the tavern's frequent use by SADF members.
• On November 18, 1993, The Negotiating Council reached final agreement
• Cyril Ramaphosa, and Roelf Meyer, played a major role in enduring that many difficulties during negotiations were overcome.
• Negotiations that began in Nelson Mandela's hospital ward, through prison cells, communication systems, and couriers.
• The promise of democracy ended half a millennium of white colonial domination over dark-skinned people.