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Questions and Answers
What is the definition of sound and ultrasound wave energy?
What is the definition of sound and ultrasound wave energy?
Sound and ultrasound wave energy refer to the mechanical waves that travel through various media, characterized by their frequency and amplitude.
What is the significant thermal effect temperature range for therapeutic ultrasound?
What is the significant thermal effect temperature range for therapeutic ultrasound?
40-45° Celsius
What are the types of cavitation in ultrasound?
What are the types of cavitation in ultrasound?
Stable cavitation is dangerous to tissues.
Stable cavitation is dangerous to tissues.
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What does acoustic streaming refer to in ultrasound?
What does acoustic streaming refer to in ultrasound?
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Which of the following are therapeutic effects of ultrasound?
Which of the following are therapeutic effects of ultrasound?
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Ultrasound can produce pain relief through direct and indirect ________ mechanisms.
Ultrasound can produce pain relief through direct and indirect ________ mechanisms.
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What physiological effect can ultrasound have on collagen-rich tissues?
What physiological effect can ultrasound have on collagen-rich tissues?
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What must be done to minimize the danger of cavitation during ultrasound treatment?
What must be done to minimize the danger of cavitation during ultrasound treatment?
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What is sound and ultrasound wave energy?
What is sound and ultrasound wave energy?
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What temperature range indicates a significant thermal effect of ultrasound?
What temperature range indicates a significant thermal effect of ultrasound?
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What are the two types of cavitation?
What are the two types of cavitation?
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Stable cavitation is dangerous to tissues.
Stable cavitation is dangerous to tissues.
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What is acoustic streaming?
What is acoustic streaming?
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List one therapeutic effect of ultrasound.
List one therapeutic effect of ultrasound.
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Which condition may benefit from acoustic streaming in ultrasound therapy?
Which condition may benefit from acoustic streaming in ultrasound therapy?
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The therapeutic mechanism of ultrasound that promotes tissue repair involves the removal of __________.
The therapeutic mechanism of ultrasound that promotes tissue repair involves the removal of __________.
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What is one proposed mechanism for non-thermal therapeutic effects of ultrasound?
What is one proposed mechanism for non-thermal therapeutic effects of ultrasound?
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Study Notes
Sound and Ultrasound Wave Energy
- Sound waves are vibrations that travel through a medium, such as air or water.
- Ultrasound is sound with frequencies higher than the upper limit of human hearing (20 kHz).
Production of Ultrasound
- Ultrasound is produced by a transducer, which converts electrical energy into mechanical vibrations.
- These vibrations are then transmitted into the body as ultrasound waves.
Physical Phenomena of Ultrasound: Thermal Effects
- Ultrasound energy is absorbed by tissues, causing molecular vibrations.
- Increased molecular vibration leads to heat generation within the tissues.
- Significant thermal effects occur when tissue temperature reaches 40-45°C for at least 5 minutes.
- Temperatures above 45°C can cause tissue destruction.
Physical Phenomena of Ultrasound: Non-Thermal Effects
- Non-thermal effects of ultrasound occur without significant temperature changes.
- They are also known as mechanical effects.
- They include cavitation, acoustic streaming, and micro massage.
Cavitation
- The formation of gas bubbles within tissues and fluids during the rarefaction phase of an ultrasound wave.
- Stable cavitation: Bubbles remain intact and oscillate harmlessly. Changes cell permeability to ions, potentially influencing cell activity.
- Unstable cavitation (transient-inertial): Bubbles collapse rapidly, causing temperature increases and free radical formation. This is dangerous to tissues.
Minimizing Cavitation Risks
- Use low intensities of ultrasound.
- Use pulsed ultrasound.
- Move the treatment head during the session.
Acoustic Streaming
- Unidirectional movement of fluid within an ultrasound field.
- Steady circular flow of cellular fluid.
- Affects diffusion rates, membrane permeability, protein synthesis, sodium ion permeability, and calcium ion transport.
Micro Massage
- Ultrasound waves cause tissue molecules to vibrate.
- This vibration can enhance tissue fluid exchange and improve tissue mobility, potentially reducing edema.
- When combined with thermal effects, micro massage can help with stretching scar tissue and reducing pain.
Therapeutic Effects of Ultrasound
- Two main perspectives on therapeutic mechanisms:
- Heating is the primary effect.
- Low intensities can have important mechanical and biological effects, particularly with pulsed treatments.
Therapeutic Applications of Ultrasound
- Recent injuries and inflammation: Pulsed mode, low intensity, helps resolve acute inflammation. Promotes tissue repair.
- Chronic edema: Acoustic streaming helps remove chronic edema and break down adhesions.
- Adhesions and scar tissues: Ultrasound increases collagen extensibility, useful before range-of-motion exercises and stretching.
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Pain control: Direct and indirect mechanisms.
- Direct: Influences nerve cell membrane permeability, increasing pain threshold and decreasing pain transmission.
- Indirect: Removes pain sources by increasing capillary permeability, reducing edema, and decreasing muscle spasms.
- Wound healing: Pulsed ultrasound at low intensities can enhance wound healing.
Objectives of the Lectures
- Students will be able to define sound and ultrasound wave energy.
- Students will be able to explain the production of ultrasound.
- Students will be able to distinguish between different physical phenomena of ultrasound.
- Students will be able to describe the physiological effect of ultrasound.
- Students will be able to identify the therapeutic effect of ultrasound.
- Students will be able to list the indications and contraindications of ultrasound.
Physiological Effects of Ultrasound
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Thermal effects
- Ultrasound energy causes tissue molecules to oscillate, generating heat.
- Significant thermal effect is achieved by raising tissue temperature to 40-45° Celsius for at least 5 minutes.
- Temperatures above 45° Celsius can cause tissue destruction.
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Non-Thermal Effects (Mechanical effects)
- Non-thermal effects occur without significant temperature changes.
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Acoustic cavitation: Formation of gas bubbles within tissues and body fluids during ultrasound wave rarefaction.
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Stable cavitation: Bubbles remain intact and harmlessly oscillate in the ultrasound field.
- This type alters cell permeability, influencing ion transport and cellular activity.
- Unstable cavitation: Bubbles collapse rapidly, causing local temperature increases, free radical formation, and tissue damage.
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Stable cavitation: Bubbles remain intact and harmlessly oscillate in the ultrasound field.
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Acoustic streaming: Steady circular flow of cellular fluid in the ultrasound field.
- Acoustic streaming affects diffusion rates, membrane permeability, protein synthesis, sodium ion permeability, and calcium ion transport.
- Micro-massage: Ultrasound wave vibration causes tissue molecule vibration, potentially enhancing tissue fluid interchange and affecting tissue mobility. This can aid in reducing edema.
Therapeutic Effects of Ultrasound
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Two primary mechanisms of action:
- Heating (ultrasonic diathermy)
- Mechanical and biological effects with pulsed treatments
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Therapeutic applications:
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Recent injuries and inflammation: Pulsed ultrasound at low intensity can resolve acute inflammation.
- Mechanical and biological effects promote exudate removal and tissue repair.
- Chronic edema: Acoustic streaming helps remove chronic edema and break down adhesions.
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Adhesion and scar tissues: Collagen, with its high absorption ability, can be heated with ultrasound.
- Thermal effects improve collagen extensibility, benefitting ROM and stretching exercises.
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Pain control:
- Direct effects: Ultrasound influences nervous tissue membrane permeability, increasing pain threshold and decreasing pain impulse transmission.
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Indirect effects: Other ultrasound effects contribute to pain reduction:
- Improved tissue healing by removing waste products and reducing edema.
- Reduced muscle spasm and adhesion breakdown.
- Effect on wound healing: Pulsed ultrasound at low intensity can promote wound healing.
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Recent injuries and inflammation: Pulsed ultrasound at low intensity can resolve acute inflammation.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of sound and ultrasound wave energy in this quiz. Understand the production of ultrasound and its physical phenomena, including both thermal and non-thermal effects on tissues. Test your knowledge about how ultrasound can be utilized in various applications.
