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What is the primary role of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the body?

To promote absorption of vitamin D in the intestines

To regulate thyroid hormone production

To modulate calcium homeostasis in various organs (correct)

To increase phosphate absorption in the kidneys

Which of the following best describes the effect of PTH on plasma phosphate levels?

It has no effect on phosphate concentration

It increases phosphate concentration in the plasma

It decreases phosphate concentration in the plasma (correct)

It leads to significant fluctuations in phosphate levels

Which of the following conditions can be a cause of hypocalcemia?

Dehydration

Excessive vitamin D intake

Primary hyperparathyroidism

Chronic kidney disease (correct)

What is the typical weight of a parathyroid gland?

30-50 mg Signup and view all the answers

How long is the plasma half-life of PTH 1-84?

2-4 minutes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of therapy in patients with hypoparathyroidism?

To relieve symptoms and maintain serum calcium in the low-normal range. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a method to confirm the diagnosis of hypocalcemia?

Measuring ionized calcium levels. Signup and view all the answers

If a patient presents with Chvostek's sign, which facial nerve action is being indicated?

Contraction of the ipsilateral facial muscles. Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a 1 g/dL reduction in serum albumin concentration on total calcium concentration?

Decreases total calcium concentration by approximately 0.02 mmol/L. Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended intravenous treatment for acute hypocalcemia?

10% calcium gluconate over 10 minutes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the diagnostic approach to hypercalcemia?

Check total calcium corrected for albumin or ionized calcium Signup and view all the answers

Which investigation would likely indicate humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy?

Elevated PTHrP Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of checking 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D levels in the context of hypercalcemia?

It helps identify granulomatous diseases. Signup and view all the answers

In cases of minimally elevated PTH levels, what is the likely condition associated with hypercalcemia?

Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia Signup and view all the answers

What laboratory evaluation is crucial to confirm hypercalcemia?

Albumin-corrected calcium levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the serum calcium level considered to indicate hypocalcemia?

Below 2.12 mmol/L Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a cause of hypoparathyroidism?

Vitamin D deficiency Signup and view all the answers

Which acute symptom is commonly associated with hypocalcemia?

Seizures Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action for drugs that can induce hypocalcemia?

Inhibit bone resorption Signup and view all the answers

Trousseau's sign is indicative of which condition?

Hypocalcemia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions can lead to high parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels?

Chronic kidney disease Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a chronic manifestation of hypocalcemia?

Parkinsonism Signup and view all the answers

How does hypomagnesemia relate to parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels?

It can decrease PTH secretion Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario is the risk of symptomatic hypocalcemia higher?

Rapid onset of low calcium levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and calcium metabolism?

It decreases calcium absorption and can increase PTH Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a cause of primary hyperparathyroidism?

Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes Signup and view all the answers

What is a common neurological manifestation of hypercalcemia?

Confusion Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is indicated for severe hypercalcemia?

Calcitonin 4 iu/kg every 12 hours Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a type of hypercalcemia related to malignancy?

Hypercalcemia of malignancy Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is more likely to occur in moderate hypercalcemia (calcium levels 12 to 14 mg/dL)?

Fatigue Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT associated with non-parathyroid mediated hypercalcemia?

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus Signup and view all the answers

What represents the classic renal manifestation of hypercalcemia?

Nephrolithiasis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is a known cause of hypercalcemia?

Lithium Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a constitutional symptom of hypercalcemia?

Weakness Signup and view all the answers

In severe hypercalcemia management, what is the initial fluid treatment recommended?

Isotonic saline Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial management for a patient with mild hypercalcemia?

Adequate hydration and avoidance of contributing factors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following laboratory findings would indicate primary hyperparathyroidism?

Elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels and high calcium levels Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is indicated for severe hypercalcemia?

Calcitonin every 12 hours and isotonic saline Signup and view all the answers

In the case of a 55-year-old patient with elevated calcium and specific lab findings, what would be the most appropriate next diagnostic test?

iPTH level Signup and view all the answers

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the body?

Which of the following best describes the effect of PTH on plasma phosphate levels?

Which of the following conditions can be a cause of hypocalcemia?

What is the typical weight of a parathyroid gland?

How long is the plasma half-life of PTH 1-84?

What is the primary objective of therapy in patients with hypoparathyroidism?

Which of the following is a method to confirm the diagnosis of hypocalcemia?

If a patient presents with Chvostek's sign, which facial nerve action is being indicated?

What is the effect of a 1 g/dL reduction in serum albumin concentration on total calcium concentration?

What is the recommended intravenous treatment for acute hypocalcemia?

What is the first step in the diagnostic approach to hypercalcemia?

Which investigation would likely indicate humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy?

What is the significance of checking 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D levels in the context of hypercalcemia?

In cases of minimally elevated PTH levels, what is the likely condition associated with hypercalcemia?

What laboratory evaluation is crucial to confirm hypercalcemia?

What is the serum calcium level considered to indicate hypocalcemia?

Which of the following is NOT a cause of hypoparathyroidism?

Which acute symptom is commonly associated with hypocalcemia?

What is the primary mechanism of action for drugs that can induce hypocalcemia?

Trousseau's sign is indicative of which condition?

Which of the following conditions can lead to high parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels?

Which of the following is a chronic manifestation of hypocalcemia?

How does hypomagnesemia relate to parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels?

In which scenario is the risk of symptomatic hypocalcemia higher?

What is the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and calcium metabolism?

Which of the following describes a cause of primary hyperparathyroidism?

What is a common neurological manifestation of hypercalcemia?

Which treatment is indicated for severe hypercalcemia?

Which of the following describes a type of hypercalcemia related to malignancy?

Which symptom is more likely to occur in moderate hypercalcemia (calcium levels 12 to 14 mg/dL)?

Which factor is NOT associated with non-parathyroid mediated hypercalcemia?

What represents the classic renal manifestation of hypercalcemia?

Which of the following medications is a known cause of hypercalcemia?

Which of the following is a constitutional symptom of hypercalcemia?

In severe hypercalcemia management, what is the initial fluid treatment recommended?

What is the initial management for a patient with mild hypercalcemia?

Which of the following laboratory findings would indicate primary hyperparathyroidism?

Which treatment is indicated for severe hypercalcemia?

In the case of a 55-year-old patient with elevated calcium and specific lab findings, what would be the most appropriate next diagnostic test?

Which condition is characterized by elevated PTH levels and low phosphate levels?

Which is NOT a common factor that aggravates hypercalcemia?

What is the expected calcium level range for moderate hypercalcemia?

What additional lab findings suggest vitamin D deficiency?

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