Songhai Empire History

Songhai Empire

• The Songhai Empire existed from approximately 1430 to 1591 in West Africa, along the Niger River.
• It was a large and powerful empire, succeeding the Mali Empire.

Rise of Songhai

• The empire's growth started during the 15th century under the Sonni dynasty.
• Sonni Ali (1464-1492) significantly expanded the empire, controlling key cities like Timbuktu and Djenné, which became important trade and learning centers.

Peak Under Askia Muhammad

• After Sonni Ali's death, Askia Muhammad (1493-1528) further expanded Songhai.
• Askia Muhammad implemented Islamic law, improved government, and strengthened trade routes, making Songhai economically dominant.

Decline and Fall of Songhai

• Internal conflicts and leadership issues weakened the empire following Askia Muhammad's rule.
• In 1591, Moroccan forces, using firearms, defeated Songhai at the Battle of Tondibi, leading to the empire's collapse.

Ming Dynasty

• The Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) was a significant and prosperous Chinese dynasty.
• It succeeded the Yuan Dynasty (Mongol rule) and restored Chinese governance.

Rise of the Ming Dynasty

• Founded by Zhu Yuanzhang (Emperor Hongwu, 1368-1398), who drove out the Mongols.
• The Ming restored traditional Chinese culture, administration, and Confucian principles.

Ming Dynasty Achievements

• Economic Growth: Expanded trade and agricultural production.
• Great Wall: Strengthened and expanded the Great Wall for defense against northern invaders.
• Exploration: Admiral Zheng He (1405-1433) led voyages to Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia.
• Arts and Culture: Known for porcelain, literature, and architecture.

Decline and Fall of the Ming Dynasty

• By the 17th century, corruption, weak leadership, and peasant rebellions weakened the dynasty.
• In 1644, the Ming Dynasty was overthrown by the Manchus, leading to the establishment of the Qing Dynasty.