Solutions in Chemistry
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Solutions in Chemistry

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Questions and Answers

What defines osmotic pressure?

  • It determines the osmolarity of a solution.
  • It is the pressure required to stop osmosis. (correct)
  • It is the pressure required to initiate osmosis.
  • It is the pressure exerted by the solute molecules.
  • What is the substance called that is present in the larger amount in a solution?

  • Solution
  • Dissolvent
  • Solvent (correct)
  • Solute
  • Which statement about colloids is true?

  • Colloidal suspensions are perfectly homogeneous.
  • Colloids can only be formed in liquid mediums.
  • Colloids exhibit the Tyndall effect. (correct)
  • Colloidal particles are smaller than solute molecules.
  • Which of the following describes a saturated solution?

    <p>It contains the maximum amount of solute the solvent can dissolve.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common example of an emulsion?

    <p>Mayonnaise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of solution contains more solute than is present in a saturated solution?

    <p>Supersaturated solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these correctly describes a hydrophobic colloid?

    <p>It is stabilized by surfactants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of solution do non-polar molecules typically dissolve?

    <p>Non-polar solvents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the hydrophobic tail of soap play in cleaning?

    <p>It repels water and attaches to grease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct expression for calculating percent by mass of a solute?

    <p>% by mass = mass of solute / (mass of solute + mass of solvent) x 100%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concentration unit is defined as moles of solute per liter of solution?

    <p>Molarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which formula represents the relationship of osmotic pressure?

    <p>π = MRT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When diluting a solution, which statement about the moles of solute is true?

    <p>The moles of solute remain constant before and after dilution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a colloid from a true solution?

    <p>Colloids exhibit the Tyndall effect, true solutions do not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following examples represents a solid-liquid solution?

    <p>Saltwater (NaCl in H2O)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is a sol classified in terms of its physical state?

    <p>Liquid in a solid medium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction

    • A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
    • The component present in a smaller amount is the solute
    • The component present in the larger amount is the solvent

    Types of Solutions

    • Solutions can be classified based on the state of the solute and solvent
    • Air is an example of a gas dissolved in gas
    • Soda water is an example of gas dissolved in liquid
    • Brass and solder are examples of solid dissolved in solid

    Types of Solutions Based on Solute Concentration

    • A saturated solution contains the maximum amount of solute that a solvent can dissolve at a given temperature
    • An unsaturated solution contains less solute than the maximum amount that a solvent can dissolve at a given temperature
    • A supersaturated solution contains more solute than the maximum amount that a solvent can dissolve at a given temperature

    Interactions in the Solution Process

    • The solution process involves three types of interactions: solvent-solvent, solute-solute, and solvent-solute interactions
    • These interactions determine the solubility of the solute in the solvent

    Like Dissolves Like

    • Non-polar molecules are soluble in non-polar solvents
    • Polar molecules are soluble in polar solvents
    • Ionic compounds are soluble in polar solvents

    Concentration Units

    • Concentration is a measure of the amount of solute present in a given quantity of solvent or solution
    • Percent by mass is expressed as the mass of solute per 100 units of mass of solution
    • Mole fraction is the ratio of moles of a component to the total moles of all components
    • Molarity is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution
    • Molality is the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent

    Dilution

    • Dilution is the process of preparing a less concentrated solution from a more concentrated solution
    • The amount of solute remains the same during dilution
    • The equation MiVi = MfVf is useful for dilution calculations

    Osmotic Pressure

    • Osmosis is the movement of solvent molecules from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution across a semipermeable membrane
    • Osmotic pressure is the pressure required to prevent osmosis
    • The osmotic pressure is directly proportional to the molarity of the solution, the gas constant, and the temperature

    Colloids

    • A colloid is a dispersion of particles of one substance throughout a dispersing medium of another substance
    • Colloidal particles are much larger than solute molecules
    • Colloids exhibit the Tyndall effect, which is the scattering of light by colloidal particles

    Types of Colloids

    • Colloids can be classified based on the state of the dispersed phase and the dispersing medium
    • Examples include fog (liquid dispersed in gas), smoke (solid dispersed in gas), whipped cream (gas dispersed in liquid), mayonnaise (liquid dispersed in liquid), milk of magnesia (solid dispersed in liquid), plastic foams (gas dispersed in solid), jelly (liquid dispersed in solid), and certain alloys (solid dispersed in solid)

    Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Colloids

    • Hydrophilic colloids are water-loving
    • Hydrophobic colloids are water-fearing

    Stabilisation of a Hydrophobic Colloid

    • Hydrophobic colloids can be stabilized by using surfactants
    • Surfactants have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends, which allow them to form micelles that stabilize the colloid

    The Cleansing Action of Soap

    • Soap is a surfactant with a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail
    • The hydrophobic tail dissolves grease and the hydrophilic head interacts with water
    • This forms micelles that trap grease molecules, allowing them to be washed away by water

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    Description

    This quiz covers the basics of solutions, including types of solutions and their classifications based on solute concentration. You'll learn about the roles of solute and solvent, as well as examples of different states of substances. Test your knowledge on the interactions involved in the solution process.

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