Solid Waste Management in Urban Areas
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What is the projected waste generation per capita in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) by 2050?

  • 1.2 kg/capita/day
  • 1.8 kg/capita/day
  • 1.6 kg/capita/day (correct)
  • 1.4 kg/capita/day

    • Which region has the highest average waste generation per capita according to the given data?

  • Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Member States (OECD) (correct)
  • Africa region (AFR)
  • Latin American and Caribbean (LAC)
  • South Asia region (SAR)

    • What percentage of waste generated in LAC is disposed of in landfills?

  • 50%
  • 70%
  • 60% (correct)
  • 80%

    • What is a major challenge for waste management in LAC, Africa, and South Asia?

    <p>Limited waste incineration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average waste generation per capita in the South Asia region (SAR)?

    <p>0.45 kg/capita/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of waste management initiative is highlighted as not being successful in the LAC region?

    <p>Composting (centralized)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant environmental impact arises from the high organic content of waste in LAC, Africa, and South Asia?

    <p>Release of methane gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the implications of municipal solid waste management services provided by local governments?

    <p>Higher employment rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following locations is unsuitable for a landfill due to environmental concerns?

    <p>A high floodplain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key function of the landfill liner?

    <p>To prevent leachate from contaminating groundwater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT considered when assessing a potential landfill site?

    <p>The size of the local school district</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must landfill owners do with the waste daily during landfill operations?

    <p>Compact and cover it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential issue associated with placing a landfill too close to residential areas?

    <p>Potential pollution of drinking water wells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT a part of the landfill's waste management system?

    <p>Solar energy collection system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the groundwater monitoring system in landfill management?

    <p>To monitor for contamination down gradient of the landfill</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer in the landfill liner system prevents leachate from reaching groundwater?

    <p>Impermeable clay layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one principle that underlies sustainable solid waste management?

    <p>Efficiency to maximize benefits and minimize costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the aerobic breakdown of organic matter for fertilizers?

    <p>Composting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant risk associated with landfills if not managed properly?

    <p>Pollution from leachate and methane gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which waste management practice involves reducing the amount of waste generated in the first place?

    <p>Waste Reduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of sustainable solid waste management?

    <p>Political image enhancement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of landfill regulations set by environmental protection agencies?

    <p>Prevent pollution from leachate and methane gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which waste management strategy does anaerobic digestion play a key role?

    <p>Landfill Gas Recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended approach to burning waste?

    <p>Controlled incineration with energy recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might the detection of a contaminant indicate regarding a landfill?

    <p>There is a possibility of a liner leak.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are landfill owners and operators required to monitor landfills even after closure?

    <p>To manage potential pollution issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the liners installed in landfills?

    <p>To stop water from filtering through the soil to groundwater.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential reason why liquid might still leak through the liner?

    <p>Heavy garbage piles create pressure that can stretch seams.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT contribute to the potential failure of the landfill liner?

    <p>Perfectly aligned seams.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What requirement must landfill owners and operators meet regarding financing?

    <p>They must prove they can successfully finance the landfill.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can chemicals affect the landfill liner?

    <p>They can deteriorate the liner material.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason constructing landfill liners is challenging?

    <p>Large pieces of plastic do not exist, requiring smaller pieces to be matched together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of the Waste to Energy Model – Gasification?

    <p>Near-zero emissions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated electric net output for 1 ton of separated dried household waste?

    <p>1.3MW - 1.7MW</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the 10-Year Framework of Programme (10 YFP) on Sustainable Consumption and Production (SCP) primarily benefit developing countries?

    <p>By providing opportunities to leapfrog to resource-efficient technologies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a sustainable city prioritize in its development?

    <p>Efficient resource use and less pollution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a challenge associated with Gasification in the Waste to Energy model?

    <p>High capital costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the calorific value of separated dried household waste according to the given content?

    <p>12 - 14 MJ/Nm3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT typically included in the characteristics of a sustainable city?

    <p>Unrestricted industrial expansion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does SCP promote primarily?

    <p>Resource and energy efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which countries have developed national action plans related to the content provided?

    <p>Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, and the Dominican Republic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary focus of the Durban Adaptation Charter?

    <p>Alignment of adaptation strategies with mitigation strategies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many cities signed the Durban Adaptation Charter?

    <p>Over 1000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the USAID CityLinks Program support?

    <p>The Durban Adaptation Charter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Florida counties are involved in the Southeast Florida Regional Climate Change Compact?

    <p>Broward, Miami-Dade, and Palm Beach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be avoided when developing ideas for handling garbage?

    <p>Dumping garbage into the sea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a practical idea for waste management?

    <p>Sending garbage to the sun</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a factor that can cause landfill liners to leak?

    <p>Improper placement of liners</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Lecture 12: Towards Smart and Sustainable Solid Waste Management Solutions for Cities

    • Lecture delivered by Haniyum Maria Khan, Senior Lecturer, ESM, NSU
    • Focuses on smart and sustainable solutions for solid waste management in urban areas.

    Exhibit 5: Urban Population Growth

    • Urban population growth rates by city size (2009-2025)
    • Cities with <1.0 million: 4.19% growth
    • Cities with 1.0-2.5 million: 1.98% growth
    • Cities with 2.5-5.0 million: 1.56% growth
    • Cities with 5.0-10.0 million: 1.37% growth
    • Cities with >10.0 million: 1.16% growth

    Exhibit 6: The Infrastructure Life Cycle of Cities

    • Typical City Expenditures and Emissions Trajectory
    • Initial City Growth (Formative Period) includes infrastructure build-out, low energy consumption intensity
    • Increasing City Wealth: Incremental infrastructure to keep pace with growth, increasing energy consumption with rising wealth/population
    • City Maturation: City saturation requires minimal new build, consumption high, but leveling off
    • Types of Expenditures: Power grid, road infrastructure, mass transit system, buildings

    The Challenge

    • (Visual representation of environmental problems associated with non-sustainable development).
    • Solid waste, water, and wastewater pollution, GHG emissions, poverty and slums, social unrest, and air pollution are interconnected problems.

    Global Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)

    • Global urbanization and increasing incomes lead to a significant rise in MSW
    • Urban inhabitants' waste generation: .64 kg/person/day to 1.2kg/p/d currently, and 1.42kg/p/d expected by 2025
    • In Latin America and Caribbean (LAC), the total waste generation is 160 million tonnes annually, with an average per capita value of 1.1 kg/capita/day; Caribbean Region highest levels.

    Waste Generation Per Capita

    • Waste Generation Per Capita (kg/capita/day) Averages for different regions (OECD, LAC, MENA, AFR, SAR, ECA, EAP) shown for 2009-2025
    • Comparison of waste Generation per capita across regions.

    LAC, Africa, and S. Asia – Solid Waste Management Overview

    • Approximately 60% of waste in LAC is disposed in landfills; outside capital cities, most waste is in open dumps
    • Waste incineration is limited in the region, primarily due to costs.
    • Composting (centralized) has not been effective
    • Recycling is also limited

    LAC, Africa, and S. Asia – Solid Waste Management Opportunities

    • Municipal solid waste management in one of the most crucial services supplied by local governments.
    • Implications on the city budget (e.g., GHGS, energy, employment, health, environmental protection, and resource utilization), and also in political image
    • High organic content waste in these regions generates methane gas quickly.
    • Methane capture can be utilized for energy.

    Solid Waste Management Principles for Sustainable Cities

    • Equity: Access to waste management for public health
    • Effectiveness: Safe removal of waste
    • Efficiency: Maximize benefits, minimize costs, and optimize resource use
    • Sustainability: A technical, environmental, social, cultural, economic, financial, institutional, and political perspective.

    Waste Pyramid

    • Visual representation of waste management hierarchy (from top to bottom): Refuse, Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Recover, Dispose

    Waste – Energy Models/Practices

    • Waste Reduction: prevention, minimization, and reuse of products.
    • Recycling & Material Recovery (3Rs): Generating income and employment (e.g., by recycling construction waste).
    • Composting and Biogas Production: composting of organic matter with oxygen (aerobic) for agricultural fertilizers or fuel; anaerobic digestion – methane collected for energy.
    • Landfill/Methane Capture: Landfill gas (LFG) from decomposition is recovered & burned with or without energy recovery to reduce GHG emissions.
    • Incineration/Gasification: Burning of waste to reduce volume, but without recovery, it leads to air and health problems.

    Landfill Regulations

    • Because of pollution, older landfills require regulations to minimize pollution (leachate and methane).
    • Location Restriction: Landfills cannot be placed in floodplains, wetlands, fault zones, high-risk earthquake areas, unstable areas or near airports.
    • Design: Modern landfills must incorporate liner systems, runoff collection systems, methane collection systems, groundwater monitoring systems, and post-closure caps.
    • Operating: Compact and cover waste daily. Maintain methane and water collection systems. Control hazardous waste disposal within area.
    • Groundwater Monitoring: Continual monitoring of groundwater for contamination.
    • Closure/Post-Closure Monitoring and Corrective Action: Responsibility for post-closure pollution exists amongst owners and operators.
    • Financing: Demonstration of financial capacity for maintaining a landfill.
    • Landfill Construction: Engineered liners help stop water and pollutants from seeping into soil. Landfill construction often involves multiple layers of materials.

    Waste to Energy Model – Gasification

    • Benefits: Feedstock flexibility, product flexibility, near-zero emissions, high efficiency, energy security
    • Challenges: High capital costs, institutionalized waste management system, economies of scale
    • Comprehensive estimate for separated dried household waste: 1 ton input = 1.3-1.7 MW electric net output (~700 homes)

    10-Year Framework of Programme (10 YFP) on Sustainable Consumption and Production (SCP)

    • SCP is about promoting resource efficiency and sustainable infrastructure, creating new markets, and generating decent jobs.
    • Helps developing nations leapfrog to more efficient and environmentally sound methods.
    • Sustainable cities must consider compact land use, minimizing automobile use, efficient resource use, waste management, access, restoration of natural systems, and community participation

    Durban Adaptation Charter

    • Global agreement to improve urban data and plans.
    • Adaptation and mitigation strategies need alignment. Promotion of the needs of vulnerable communities, ensuring sustainable local development.
    • Prioritizing ecosystems and creating innovative funding mechanisms.
    • Peer-to-peer exchanges between Ft. Lauderdale/Broward County and City of Durban, South Africa.
    • City of Durban learns from Broward's regional adaptation. Southeast Florida Regional Climate Change Compact (regional model of adaptation development).
    • Florida counties demonstrate sub-national engagement and cooperation to global adaptation.

    Home Work

    • Potential actions to manage garbage (e.g., incineration, sanitary landfills, composting, open dumps).
    • Factors potentially resulting in landfill liner leakage.

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    Related Documents

    ENV-214 Lecture 12: Towards Smart & Sustainable Solid Waste Management PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores innovative and sustainable solutions for managing solid waste in cities, as presented in Lecture 12 by Haniyum Maria Khan. It includes crucial data on urban population growth and the infrastructure life cycle of cities. Test your knowledge on the challenges and strategies for enhancing urban sustainability.

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