Solid Waste Management in Urban Areas

<p>Limited waste incineration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0.45 kg/capita/day (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Composting (centralized) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Release of methane gas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher employment rates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A high floodplain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent leachate from contaminating groundwater (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The size of the local school district (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Compact and cover it (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Potential pollution of drinking water wells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Solar energy collection system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To monitor for contamination down gradient of the landfill (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impermeable clay layer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Efficiency to maximize benefits and minimize costs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Composting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pollution from leachate and methane gas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Waste Reduction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Political image enhancement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prevent pollution from leachate and methane gas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Landfill Gas Recovery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Controlled incineration with energy recovery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There is a possibility of a liner leak. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To manage potential pollution issues. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To stop water from filtering through the soil to groundwater. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heavy garbage piles create pressure that can stretch seams. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Perfectly aligned seams. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They must prove they can successfully finance the landfill. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can deteriorate the liner material. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Large pieces of plastic do not exist, requiring smaller pieces to be matched together. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Near-zero emissions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1.3MW - 1.7MW (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By providing opportunities to leapfrog to resource-efficient technologies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Efficient resource use and less pollution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High capital costs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>12 - 14 MJ/Nm3 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unrestricted industrial expansion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Resource and energy efficiency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, and the Dominican Republic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alignment of adaptation strategies with mitigation strategies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Over 1000 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Durban Adaptation Charter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Broward, Miami-Dade, and Palm Beach (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dumping garbage into the sea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sending garbage to the sun (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Improper placement of liners (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Global urban growth and income increases have significantly raised the amount of municipal solid waste from 0.64 kg/person/day to 1.2 kg/person/day, projected to reach 1.42 kg/person/day by 2025.

Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) region generates approximately 160 million tonnes of waste annually, averaging 1.1 kg per capita per day; the Caribbean has the highest rates.

Around 60% of waste in LAC is landfilled, while outside capital cities, many areas use open dumping.

Waste incineration is limited in LAC, primarily due to high costs.

Centralized composting methods have not proven effective in the region.

Recycling rates remain limited in LAC, Africa, and South Asia.

A significant portion of waste in LAC, Africa, and South Asia is organic, generating methane.

Solid waste processing is a key service provided by local governments, influencing city budgets, greenhouse gases, energy, employment, health, and environmental protection

Principles for managing waste to ensure public health, efficiency, and sustainability.

Minimizing waste produced through prevention, reuse, and product redesign to curb consumerism.

Recovering valuable materials from waste to create income and employment; example: construction waste.

Organic matter composting for fertilizer or fuel; anaerobic digestion produces methane for energy.

Common waste disposal method; capturing methane from landfill gas for energy production to decrease greenhouse gas emissions.

Burning waste to reduce volume and potentially recover energy, mainly for waste streams with high packaging content.

Environmental protection regulations to prevent landfill pollution and protect public health, including location, design, operation, and monitoring.

Landfill placement is restricted based on local geology and ecology.

Landfills cannot be placed in floodplains, wetlands, fault zones, earthquake-prone areas, unstable areas, or near airports.

Modern landfills include a liner system, runoff collection system, methane collection system, groundwater monitoring system, and cap after closure.

A landfill liner includes a soil foundation, geotextile filter, leachate collection system (gravel and pipes), plastic layer, and an impermeable clay layer.

Landfill operators must compact and cover waste daily, have methane and water collection systems, and restrict illegal hazardous waste dumping.

Groundwater downstream from a landfill needs continuous monitoring for contamination.

The groundwater flow characteristics and surrounding area demographics should be considered when choosing a landfill location.

Landfill locations must take into account topographic features, water tables, precipitation, soil types, and the location of disposal zones.

Landfill placement considers potential impacts on residents, including drinking water well contamination risks.

A hole or tear in the liner of a landfill, allowing water to seep through.

A system designed to collect the liquid that seeps through the landfill liner. This water is called leachate.

Even with liners, water can still get through due to imperfect seams, pressure, vehicle damage, chemical deterioration, and liner deterioration.

The weight of the garbage piled onto the liner creates immense pressure, which can stress the seams and cause them to leak.

Heavy trucks used to build the landfill can puncture or weaken the liner, creating holes for leakage.

Some chemicals in the garbage can break down the liner material, causing it to weaken and leak.

Liners naturally deteriorate over time, becoming more prone to leakage.

Even after a landfill is closed, the owner is still responsible for any pollution it causes and must continue to monitor it.

A global agreement launched at the 2011 UNFCCC COP17, signed by over 1000 cities committed to adapting to climate change.

Plans and actions that cities take to adjust to the impacts of climate change.

Efforts to reduce the severity of climate change by lowering greenhouse gas emissions.

Groups of people most at risk from the impacts of climate change due to factors like poverty or location.

Natural and man-made systems that provide environmental benefits, like parks and forests.

Creative ways to finance adaptation projects, such as carbon trading or green bonds.

Learning opportunities where cities share knowledge and experiences on adaptation.

Collaborative efforts among local governments within a region to adapt to climate change.

A method of converting waste into usable energy through a high-temperature process that breaks down materials into gas, which can be burned to generate electricity.

Gasification offers several advantages, including flexibility in using various waste types, generating different energy products, minimizing emissions, achieving high energy conversion efficiency, and contributing to energy security.

Despite its benefits, gasification faces challenges like high initial investment costs, existing waste management systems that may need adjustments, and the requirement for a large population base to make it economically viable.

A global framework adopted at the Rio+20 Conference to promote resource and energy efficiency, sustainable infrastructure, and green job creation through practices like recycling, renewable energy, and eco-friendly tourism.

SCP, particularly beneficial for developing countries, enables them to skip inefficient and polluting stages of development by adopting advanced and environmentally friendly technologies directly.

A sustainable city prioritizes efficient land use, reduced automobile dependence, minimized pollution and waste, restored natural systems, healthy living environments, sustainable economics, community engagement, and preservation of local culture.

A sustainable city emphasizes efficient resource management, utilizing resources effectively to minimize waste and pollution, contributing to a cleaner and healthier environment.

A sustainable city encourages active community involvement in decision-making and problem-solving for local issues related to sustainability, fostering a sense of ownership and responsibility.