Solid State Chemistry Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which type of Van der Waals force is characterized by temporary dipoles?

  • Electrostatic forces
  • Hydrogen bonding
  • Dipole-dipole interactions
  • London forces (correct)

Which statement accurately describes an amorphous solid?

  • It possesses a defined, stable lattice structure.
  • It exhibits a regular, symmetrical shape.
  • It has a fixed melting point.
  • It has better dissolution and solubility than crystalline solids. (correct)

What type of defect is characterized by a foreign atom being inserted into a crystal lattice?

  • Frenkel defect
  • Extrinsic crystallinity defect (correct)
  • Schottky defect
  • Vacancy defect

Which of the following statements is true regarding intrinsic crystallinity defects?

<p>They include the Schottky and Frenkel defects. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of supersaturation in a solution?

<p>It results from heating or shaking the solution. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bonding is represented by sharing of electrons between atoms?

<p>Covalent bonding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following properties is a key difference between crystalline and amorphous solids?

<p>Amorphous solids do not have a specific melting point. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does entropy measure in a system?

<p>The randomness and disorder of molecules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT affect the flux of a drug across the skin?

<p>Molecular weight of the drug (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between central lines and PICC lines regarding solution types?

<p>Central lines utilize hypertonic solutions whereas PICC lines use isotonic solutions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods can be used to effectively remove pyrogens?

<p>Double distillation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ophthalmic product attributes is NOT typical of FDA regulations?

<p>Must be administered intravenously (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of intravenous admixture, what does LAL stand for?

<p>Limulus Ambecoyte Lysate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of controlled drug delivery system employs an inert plastic matrix?

<p>Sustained release systems (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the main barrier for ophthalmic drug administration?

<p>Cornea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct relationship described by the 1st law of thermodynamics?

<p>Energy can be converted, but the total energy in a closed system remains constant. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following modified release forms is correctly matched with its example?

<p>Targeted release – gefitinib (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Gibbs free energy equation, what does a negative change in G signify?

<p>The reaction is spontaneous. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Raoult’s law describes the relationship between vapor pressure and what aspect of a solution?

<p>The composition of ideal solutions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which colligative property depends solely on the number of solute molecules in a solution?

<p>Boiling point elevation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes Henry's law in relation to gas solubility?

<p>It describes an ideal linear relationship in dilute solutions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the eutectic point in a phase diagram represent?

<p>The combination of three phases in equilibrium. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During manufacturing, what primarily causes the capping of tablets?

<p>Rough punch surfaces. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes a non-aqueous solution?

<p>Can include organic solvents like ethanol or acetone. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred when a mixture exhibits a positive deviation from Raoult's law?

<p>The mixture's vapor pressure is greater than the ideal conditions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What HLB range is characteristic for wetting agents?

<p>7-9 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of a deflocculated system?

<p>Turbid supernatant (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method involves mixing the emulsifying agent with oil before adding water?

<p>Dry gum method (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which flow behavior increases in viscosity when shaken?

<p>Rheopexy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates a microemulsion from a standard emulsion?

<p>Microemulsions can be applied orally or over skin. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding the Nernst potential and zeta potential?

<p>Zeta potential is directly on the surface of a solid particle. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the addition of a polar functional group affect drug solubility?

<p>It increases solubility by enhancing polarity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement describes the difference between zero order and first order degradation?

<p>First order shows a linear graph; zero order is curved. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does pKa play in drug solubility?

<p>It is inversely related to the strength of the acid. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary barrier for skin diffusion identified?

<p>Stratum corneum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the common ion effect in a solution?

<p>It results in decreased solubility due to precipitation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of alcohol is not oxidized in chemical reactions?

<p>Tertiary alcohol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Fick's Law, what is the primary factor affecting diffusion?

<p>The concentration gradient between two compartments. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the shelf life defined as?

<p>The time taken for 10% of the product to remain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Noyes-Whitney Equation?

<p>To calculate the dissolution rate of a drug. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of USP dissolution apparatus is most suitable for poorly soluble drugs?

<p>Type 4: Flow-through cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes steady diffusion according to the provided content?

<p>The amount of particles diffusing remains constant over time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a distribution coefficient value greater than one indicate?

<p>Higher lipophilicity of the product. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does salting in specifically refer to in the context of drug solubility?

<p>Enhancing the solubility of a drug by adding salt. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does a long hydrocarbon chain have on drug solubility?

<p>It decreases solubility because of increased hydrophobic characteristics. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

London Dispersion Forces

The weakest type of bond between uncharged molecules caused by temporary fluctuations in electron distribution, resulting in temporary dipoles.

Dipole-Dipole Interactions

A type of Van der Waals force where molecules have a permanent dipole due to uneven electron distribution, resulting in a slightly positive and negative end.

Saturated Solution

A solution with the maximum concentration of solute dissolved at a particular temperature, any further addition of solute will result in precipitation.

Supersaturated Solution

A solution containing more solute than its solubility at a given temperature, usually achieved through heating or shaking. It's unstable as excess solute will precipitate out.

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Entropy

A measure of disorder or randomness within a system, where a perfect crystal has zero entropy at absolute zero temperature.

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Amorphous Solid

A solid state of matter lacking a defined regular structure, resulting in irregular shape, melting point range, and better dissolution and solubility compared to crystalline solids.

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Crystalline Solid

A solid state of matter with a defined regular structure, resulting in a characteristic shape, specific melting point, and lower dissolution and solubility compared to amorphous solids.

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Vacancy Defect

A defect in the crystal structure where an atom is missing from its lattice site, contributing to changes in physical and chemical properties.

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Capping

A tablet defect where the top layer separates from the rest, often caused by rough punches during manufacturing.

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Lamination

A tablet defect where the tablet breaks into horizontal layers, usually caused by incorrect compression or lamination issues.

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Extended Release

A drug formulation designed to release the active ingredient over an extended period.

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Delayed Release

A drug formulation that releases the active ingredient only after a specific time delay.

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Targeted Release

A drug formulation designed to deliver the active ingredient to a specific target area in the body.

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Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

States that if two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are also in equilibrium with each other.

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Internal Energy

The total energy of a system, which can be transferred in the form of heat or work.

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Enthalpy

The measure of the heat content of a system at constant pressure.

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Gibbs Free Energy Equation

Determines the spontaneity of a reaction based on the change in Gibbs free energy.

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Drug Solubility

A measure of how easily a drug dissolves in a solvent. It's affected by factors like pH, pKa, and the presence of salts.

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Oil-water partition coefficient (K)

The extent to which a drug dissolves in oil compared to water, determining how easily it penetrates the skin.

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pKa

The pH at which a weak acid or base is 50% ionized. It determines how much of a drug is in its ionized form, which affects its solubility and absorption.

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Drug flux across the skin

The movement of a drug across the skin, influenced by factors like drug concentration difference, skin thickness, and how easily the drug diffuses.

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Sterilization

A method to ensure products are free from harmful microorganisms, often using filtration membranes with a pore size of 0.22 mm.

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Salting In

The process of increasing a drug's solubility in a solvent by adding a salt. This works by disrupting interactions between drug molecules, making them more likely to dissolve.

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Salting Out

The process of decreasing a drug's solubility in a solvent by adding a salt. This works by increasing the interactions between drug molecules, making them less likely to dissolve.

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Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) test

A test used to detect pyrogens (fever-inducing substances) in injectable medications by observing gel formation in a reagent derived from horseshoe crab blood cells.

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Intravenous admixture

A sterile mixture of medications prepared for intravenous administration (directly into a vein).

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Dissolution Rate

The rate at which a drug dissolves in a solvent. It's influenced by factors like surface area, drug solubility, and the concentration gradient.

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Peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC line)

A type of intravenous catheter inserted into a large vein in the arm or chest, used for long-term medication administration or fluid replacement.

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Driving Force of Dissolution

The driving force for dissolution is a difference in concentration between the drug at the interface (surface of the solid) and the drug in the bulk of the solution. The bigger the difference, the faster the dissolution.

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Diffusion

The movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration, driven by energy and the random motion of molecules.

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IV piggyback

A method of administering medications intravenously using a secondary IV line connected to the primary line, often used for antibiotics.

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Partition Coefficient (K)

The ratio of the concentration of a drug in one phase (e.g., oil) to its concentration in another phase (e.g., water). It indicates how much a drug prefers to dissolve in one phase compared to another.

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Hydrophilic Lipophilic Balance (HLB)

A measure of a molecule's balance between hydrophilic (water-loving) and lipophilic (fat-loving) properties. It's used to predict how well a drug will dissolve in different solvents and how easily it can be absorbed into the body.

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Interfacial Reaction

This happens when a drug goes from a high concentration to a low concentration. The driving force here is the concentration gradient: the difference in how much drug is in each area.

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HLB (Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance)

A measure of a surfactant's ability to dissolve in water. Higher HLB values indicate more water-soluble surfactants.

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Emulsion

A dispersion of one liquid phase (dispersed phase) within another liquid phase (continuous phase), where the two phases are immiscible.

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Water-in-Oil (W/O) Emulsion

A type of emulsion where the dispersed phase is water and the continuous phase is oil. Requires surfactants with low HLB (3-6).

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Oil-in-Water (O/W) Emulsion

A type of emulsion where the dispersed phase is oil and the continuous phase is water. Requires surfactants with high HLB (8-18).

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Microemulsion

A stable and transparent dispersion of two immiscible liquids, typically achieved through the use of high concentrations of surfactants.

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Nernst Potential

The potential difference between the surface of a solid particle and the surrounding liquid medium. It is a measure of the electrical charge on the particle surface.

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Zeta Potential

The electrical potential difference between the surface of a solid particle and the surrounding liquid medium at the shear plane, where the liquid starts to move relative to the particle.

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Flocculated Suspension

A state where particles in a suspension loosely clump together, forming aggregates with weak bonds. These aggregates are easily dispersed upon shaking.

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Deflocculated Suspension

A state where particles in a suspension are individually dispersed and repel each other. This results in difficult redispersion and a turbid supernatant.

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Thixotropy

A type of non-Newtonian fluid that exhibits a decrease in viscosity upon shaking or stirring. This is often desirable for injectable products.

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Study Notes

Solid State Changes

  • Solid changes to liquid (fusion), liquid to solid (solidification), liquid to gas (vaporization), gas to liquid (condensation), solid to gas (sublimation), gas to solid (deposition)
  • Van der Waals forces are weak bonds between uncharged molecules (London forces and dipole-dipole)

Intermolecular Forces

  • London dispersion forces (temporary dipoles between uncharged molecules) are weaker than dipole-dipole interactions
  • Dipole-dipole forces occur between polar molecules; hydrogen bonds are strong dipole-dipole forces, and exist between hydrogen atoms and highly electronegative atoms (e.g., F, O, N)
  • Metallic bonding involves the sharing of electrons in a lattice of cations.
  • Electrostatic bonding occurs when one ion donates electrons to another (e.g., NaCl).
  • Covalent bonding involves the sharing of electrons (e.g., H2).

Crystalline vs. Amorphous Solids

  • Crystalline solids have a regular, repeating 3D structure, a specific melting point, and a definite shape
  • Amorphous solids have a disordered, non-repeating structure; no defined shape; a melting range instead of a definite melting point

Crystallinity Defects

  • Intrinsic defects (vacancies inside lattice): Schottky defect (oppositely charged atoms - vacant space in lattice) and Frenkel defect (ion leaving lattice site and moving to interstitial position).
  • Extrinsic defects (foreign atom enters lattice)

Polymorphism

  • Polymorphism affects physical properties (e.g., solubility, dissolution, melting point) of a drug
  • A crystalline material can exist in multiple crystalline structures
  • At any temperature and pressure only one form of pure drug is stable (stable form) at a specific rate

Hydrates and Solvates

  • Hydrates are crystalline structures containing water molecules
  • Solvates are crystalline structures containing solvent molecules

Solubility

  • Solubility is affected by temperature and crystal structure (polymorphism)
  • The solubility of an acidic drug is better in basic mediums (high pH), whereas the solubility of basic drugs is better in acidic mediums (low pH)

Dissolution

  • Dissolution is the process of a solid substance dissolving into a liquid
  • High dissolution rate increases bioavailability

Thermodynamics

  • First law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed (ΔU = Q - W)
  • Second law states that the entropy of the universe tends to increase
  • Third law states that the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero at absolute zero temperature
  • Enthalpy (H) is used for heat exchanges
  • Gibbs free energy (ΔG) determines whether a reaction is spontaneous or not (ΔG=H-TΔS)

Eutectic Mixtures

  • A combination of two substances that forms a liquid when mixed
  • Know the substances used to create eutectic mixtures (e.g., phenol, camphor, methanol, thymol, aspirin, phenyl salicylate, sodium chloride, water)
  • Eutectic mixtures are used to lower the freezing point of a mixture

Solubilization

  • Hydrophilic/Lipophilic Balance (HLB) values can be used to determine the properties of emulsifying agents
  • The HLB of surfactants is used to form emulsions (e.g., oil-in-water and water-in-oil)

Dissolution Methods

  • Wet methods and dry methods are used for manufacturing different types of formulations (e.g., tablets)
  • Problems during manufacturing: capping, lamination

Modified Release Drug Delivery

  • Different types of modified release forms include: delayed release, extended release and targeted release.
  • Understand the laws of thermodynamics (zeroth, first, and second laws) and their application to drug delivery

Pharmaceutical Manufacturing

  • Issues during the manufacturing process can lead to different types of problems e.g., capping, lamination
  • Methods of preparing powders (e.g. wet granulation, dry granulation)

Ophthalmic and Pulmonary Drug Delivery

  • Know Ophthalmic products must be sterile
  • The cornea is a major barrier for ophthalmic drug administration
  • Understand the importance of particle size for pulmonary drug delivery systems (0.5-10 μm)

Solution Properties and Preparation

  • Dilute solution or the mixture of gases and solvents are relevant to understanding raoul's law, Henry's law and the properties of different types of solution
  • Know the colligative properties of solutions
  • Know how different methods of sterilization work

Other Important Concepts

  • Know the definition of important concepts such as Iodine number (measure the double or triple bonds present in an unsaturated compound) in the context of drug formulation and Saponification number
  • Know the storage conditions of different compounds and drugs such as latanoprost

Mathematical Equations/Formulas

  • Provide relevant equations (e.g. HLB Equation, Arrhenius equation, and Gas Laws) if found in the provided text

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Description

Test your knowledge of solid state chemistry with this quiz covering topics such as Van der Waals forces, amorphous solids, crystallinity defects, and the properties of crystalline versus amorphous materials. Assess your understanding of core chemical concepts such as bonding and entropy.

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