Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which type of Van der Waals force is characterized by temporary dipoles?
Which type of Van der Waals force is characterized by temporary dipoles?
Which statement accurately describes an amorphous solid?
Which statement accurately describes an amorphous solid?
What type of defect is characterized by a foreign atom being inserted into a crystal lattice?
What type of defect is characterized by a foreign atom being inserted into a crystal lattice?
Which of the following statements is true regarding intrinsic crystallinity defects?
Which of the following statements is true regarding intrinsic crystallinity defects?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary characteristic of supersaturation in a solution?
What is the primary characteristic of supersaturation in a solution?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of bonding is represented by sharing of electrons between atoms?
Which type of bonding is represented by sharing of electrons between atoms?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following properties is a key difference between crystalline and amorphous solids?
Which of the following properties is a key difference between crystalline and amorphous solids?
Signup and view all the answers
What does entropy measure in a system?
What does entropy measure in a system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following factors does NOT affect the flux of a drug across the skin?
Which of the following factors does NOT affect the flux of a drug across the skin?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary distinction between central lines and PICC lines regarding solution types?
What is the primary distinction between central lines and PICC lines regarding solution types?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following methods can be used to effectively remove pyrogens?
Which of the following methods can be used to effectively remove pyrogens?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following ophthalmic product attributes is NOT typical of FDA regulations?
Which of the following ophthalmic product attributes is NOT typical of FDA regulations?
Signup and view all the answers
In the context of intravenous admixture, what does LAL stand for?
In the context of intravenous admixture, what does LAL stand for?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of controlled drug delivery system employs an inert plastic matrix?
Which type of controlled drug delivery system employs an inert plastic matrix?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best describes the main barrier for ophthalmic drug administration?
Which of the following best describes the main barrier for ophthalmic drug administration?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the correct relationship described by the 1st law of thermodynamics?
What is the correct relationship described by the 1st law of thermodynamics?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following modified release forms is correctly matched with its example?
Which of the following modified release forms is correctly matched with its example?
Signup and view all the answers
In the Gibbs free energy equation, what does a negative change in G signify?
In the Gibbs free energy equation, what does a negative change in G signify?
Signup and view all the answers
Raoult’s law describes the relationship between vapor pressure and what aspect of a solution?
Raoult’s law describes the relationship between vapor pressure and what aspect of a solution?
Signup and view all the answers
Which colligative property depends solely on the number of solute molecules in a solution?
Which colligative property depends solely on the number of solute molecules in a solution?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement accurately describes Henry's law in relation to gas solubility?
Which statement accurately describes Henry's law in relation to gas solubility?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the eutectic point in a phase diagram represent?
What does the eutectic point in a phase diagram represent?
Signup and view all the answers
During manufacturing, what primarily causes the capping of tablets?
During manufacturing, what primarily causes the capping of tablets?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following accurately describes a non-aqueous solution?
Which of the following accurately describes a non-aqueous solution?
Signup and view all the answers
What can be inferred when a mixture exhibits a positive deviation from Raoult's law?
What can be inferred when a mixture exhibits a positive deviation from Raoult's law?
Signup and view all the answers
What HLB range is characteristic for wetting agents?
What HLB range is characteristic for wetting agents?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary characteristic of a deflocculated system?
What is the primary characteristic of a deflocculated system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method involves mixing the emulsifying agent with oil before adding water?
Which method involves mixing the emulsifying agent with oil before adding water?
Signup and view all the answers
Which flow behavior increases in viscosity when shaken?
Which flow behavior increases in viscosity when shaken?
Signup and view all the answers
What differentiates a microemulsion from a standard emulsion?
What differentiates a microemulsion from a standard emulsion?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is true regarding the Nernst potential and zeta potential?
Which of the following is true regarding the Nernst potential and zeta potential?
Signup and view all the answers
How does the addition of a polar functional group affect drug solubility?
How does the addition of a polar functional group affect drug solubility?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement describes the difference between zero order and first order degradation?
Which statement describes the difference between zero order and first order degradation?
Signup and view all the answers
What role does pKa play in drug solubility?
What role does pKa play in drug solubility?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary barrier for skin diffusion identified?
What is the primary barrier for skin diffusion identified?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens during the common ion effect in a solution?
What happens during the common ion effect in a solution?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of alcohol is not oxidized in chemical reactions?
What type of alcohol is not oxidized in chemical reactions?
Signup and view all the answers
According to Fick's Law, what is the primary factor affecting diffusion?
According to Fick's Law, what is the primary factor affecting diffusion?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the shelf life defined as?
What is the shelf life defined as?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of the Noyes-Whitney Equation?
What is the primary purpose of the Noyes-Whitney Equation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of USP dissolution apparatus is most suitable for poorly soluble drugs?
Which type of USP dissolution apparatus is most suitable for poorly soluble drugs?
Signup and view all the answers
What characterizes steady diffusion according to the provided content?
What characterizes steady diffusion according to the provided content?
Signup and view all the answers
What does a distribution coefficient value greater than one indicate?
What does a distribution coefficient value greater than one indicate?
Signup and view all the answers
What does salting in specifically refer to in the context of drug solubility?
What does salting in specifically refer to in the context of drug solubility?
Signup and view all the answers
What effect does a long hydrocarbon chain have on drug solubility?
What effect does a long hydrocarbon chain have on drug solubility?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Solid State Changes
- Solid changes to liquid (fusion), liquid to solid (solidification), liquid to gas (vaporization), gas to liquid (condensation), solid to gas (sublimation), gas to solid (deposition)
- Van der Waals forces are weak bonds between uncharged molecules (London forces and dipole-dipole)
Intermolecular Forces
- London dispersion forces (temporary dipoles between uncharged molecules) are weaker than dipole-dipole interactions
- Dipole-dipole forces occur between polar molecules; hydrogen bonds are strong dipole-dipole forces, and exist between hydrogen atoms and highly electronegative atoms (e.g., F, O, N)
- Metallic bonding involves the sharing of electrons in a lattice of cations.
- Electrostatic bonding occurs when one ion donates electrons to another (e.g., NaCl).
- Covalent bonding involves the sharing of electrons (e.g., H2).
Crystalline vs. Amorphous Solids
- Crystalline solids have a regular, repeating 3D structure, a specific melting point, and a definite shape
- Amorphous solids have a disordered, non-repeating structure; no defined shape; a melting range instead of a definite melting point
Crystallinity Defects
- Intrinsic defects (vacancies inside lattice): Schottky defect (oppositely charged atoms - vacant space in lattice) and Frenkel defect (ion leaving lattice site and moving to interstitial position).
- Extrinsic defects (foreign atom enters lattice)
Polymorphism
- Polymorphism affects physical properties (e.g., solubility, dissolution, melting point) of a drug
- A crystalline material can exist in multiple crystalline structures
- At any temperature and pressure only one form of pure drug is stable (stable form) at a specific rate
Hydrates and Solvates
- Hydrates are crystalline structures containing water molecules
- Solvates are crystalline structures containing solvent molecules
Solubility
- Solubility is affected by temperature and crystal structure (polymorphism)
- The solubility of an acidic drug is better in basic mediums (high pH), whereas the solubility of basic drugs is better in acidic mediums (low pH)
Dissolution
- Dissolution is the process of a solid substance dissolving into a liquid
- High dissolution rate increases bioavailability
Thermodynamics
- First law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed (ΔU = Q - W)
- Second law states that the entropy of the universe tends to increase
- Third law states that the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero at absolute zero temperature
- Enthalpy (H) is used for heat exchanges
- Gibbs free energy (ΔG) determines whether a reaction is spontaneous or not (ΔG=H-TΔS)
Eutectic Mixtures
- A combination of two substances that forms a liquid when mixed
- Know the substances used to create eutectic mixtures (e.g., phenol, camphor, methanol, thymol, aspirin, phenyl salicylate, sodium chloride, water)
- Eutectic mixtures are used to lower the freezing point of a mixture
Solubilization
- Hydrophilic/Lipophilic Balance (HLB) values can be used to determine the properties of emulsifying agents
- The HLB of surfactants is used to form emulsions (e.g., oil-in-water and water-in-oil)
Dissolution Methods
- Wet methods and dry methods are used for manufacturing different types of formulations (e.g., tablets)
- Problems during manufacturing: capping, lamination
Modified Release Drug Delivery
- Different types of modified release forms include: delayed release, extended release and targeted release.
- Understand the laws of thermodynamics (zeroth, first, and second laws) and their application to drug delivery
Pharmaceutical Manufacturing
- Issues during the manufacturing process can lead to different types of problems e.g., capping, lamination
- Methods of preparing powders (e.g. wet granulation, dry granulation)
Ophthalmic and Pulmonary Drug Delivery
- Know Ophthalmic products must be sterile
- The cornea is a major barrier for ophthalmic drug administration
- Understand the importance of particle size for pulmonary drug delivery systems (0.5-10 μm)
Solution Properties and Preparation
- Dilute solution or the mixture of gases and solvents are relevant to understanding raoul's law, Henry's law and the properties of different types of solution
- Know the colligative properties of solutions
- Know how different methods of sterilization work
Other Important Concepts
- Know the definition of important concepts such as Iodine number (measure the double or triple bonds present in an unsaturated compound) in the context of drug formulation and Saponification number
- Know the storage conditions of different compounds and drugs such as latanoprost
Mathematical Equations/Formulas
- Provide relevant equations (e.g. HLB Equation, Arrhenius equation, and Gas Laws) if found in the provided text
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge of solid state chemistry with this quiz covering topics such as Van der Waals forces, amorphous solids, crystallinity defects, and the properties of crystalline versus amorphous materials. Assess your understanding of core chemical concepts such as bonding and entropy.
