1. Siteworks & Earthworks
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Which of the following best describes geosynthetics?

  • Materials used exclusively for erosion control.
  • Synthetic components used with earth materials. (correct)
  • Natural materials used for earth construction.
  • Organic textiles used for drainage.

    • What is the primary use of geotextiles in reinforcement?

  • To provide tensile strength to low load-bearing soil. (correct)
  • To improve the aesthetic quality of construction.
  • To facilitate drainage of heavy rains.
  • To prevent erosion in wet areas.

    • What function do geotextiles serve when used as a separator?

  • To control soil erosion on slopes.
  • To reinforce weak soil layers.
  • To filter water through fine soil particles.
  • To prevent the migration of dissimilar materials. (correct)

    • In which scenario would erosion control geotextiles be primarily used?

    <p>To protect slopes and drainage features.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a category of geosynthetics?

    <p>Geobags</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of subsurface drainage geotextiles?

    <p>To provide filtration around edge drains or underdrains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do containers filled with stone benefit construction in inaccessible areas?

    <p>They allow for flexible, permeable structures to be formed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following materials are geotextiles commonly made from?

    <p>Polyester or polypropylene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What secondary function do erosion control geotextiles provide when used with stone lining?

    <p>Offering separation between dissimilar materials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of establishing chemical barriers in construction?

    <p>To establish a continuous termite barrier between soil and the structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much termiticide should be applied per linear foot when creating vertical barriers?

    <p>4 gallons for every 10 linear feet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of hexaflumuron in the Colony Elimination (Bait) System?

    <p>To continuously attract termite workers to eliminate their population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical application method for horizontal barriers of termiticide?

    <p>Coarse spray at low pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining characteristic of rigid pavements?

    <p>Made of reinforced concrete slabs or paving units</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of pavement is most affected by the bearing capacity of the sub-grade?

    <p>Flexible pavement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common method of treating basements and crawl spaces for termites?

    <p>Digging trenches and applying termiticide to trenched areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following materials is classified under the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) as gravels?

    <p>Soil with 50% of coarse fraction retained on No. 40 sieve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the liquid limit test in Atterberg limits?

    <p>To identify the point when soil changes from plastic to liquid state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary purpose of using riprap in construction?

    <p>To protect structures against erosion and scouring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes 'borrow fill' correctly?

    <p>Soil that is sourced from an approved pit or quarry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the Atterberg limits help determine about soil?

    <p>The moisture content range affecting soil behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines the plastic index of soil?

    <p>The difference between the liquid limit and plastic limit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes gabion systems in construction?

    <p>Stone-filled wire containers designed to stabilize soil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under the AASHTO soil classification system, what size particles are defined as 'boulders'?

    <p>Particles larger than 75 mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of sediment control geotextiles?

    <p>Silt fence applications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property is NOT associated with membrane roofing materials like EPDM?

    <p>High tensile strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do geocomposites consist of?

    <p>Combination of geosynthetic components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which materials are used to manufacture geomembranes?

    <p>High-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of geonets?

    <p>Create void space for in-plane flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic handling requirement for membranes?

    <p>Careful handling during installation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which application is NOT appropriate for the use of membranes?

    <p>Ground stabilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about geonets is incorrect?

    <p>They are primarily used for silt fence applications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of geosynthetic material is known for being impermeable?

    <p>Geomembranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a unique feature of geocomposites compared to other geosynthetic materials?

    <p>They include a prefabricated core bonded to a geotextile filter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of geocells as originally developed?

    <p>To stabilize soft subgrades for large equipment mobilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the material typically used for temporary erosion protection?

    <p>Open mesh polymeric and biodegradable mesh systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is termite resistant sand considered more beneficial than chemical barriers?

    <p>It requires less maintenance and is environmentally friendly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In high-risk termite environments, what construction method is sometimes used to protect homes?

    <p>Designing homes on high concrete pillars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of open mesh systems in erosion protection?

    <p>To anchor seeds and soil particles against erosive flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do geocell systems arrive at the site?

    <p>Collapsed for delivery and then opened on site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of termite mesh?

    <p>It is fine enough to prevent even tiny termites from passing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of geocell systems contributes to their ability to stabilize steep slope surfaces?

    <p>Their three-dimensional structure and filling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which material is commonly combined with polymeric systems for temporary erosion protection?

    <p>Biodegradable materials like jute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dimension range is common for geocell systems?

    <p>100mm to 200mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Acronyms

    • AASHTO: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
    • ANSI: American National Standards Institute
    • ASTM: American Society for Testing and Materials
    • USCS: Unified Soil Classificatory System

    AASHTO Soil Classification System

    • Classifies inorganic soils based on drainage and bearing capacity.
    • Particle sizes:
      • Boulders: above 75mm
      • Gravel: 75mm to No. 10 sieve
      • Coarse Sand: No. 10 to No. 40 sieve
      • Fine Sand: No. 40 to No. 200 sieve
      • Silt-Clay Particles: passing No. 200 sieve

    Atterberg Limits

    • Tests performed on soils passing the No. 40 sieve.
      • Liquid Limit (LL): moisture content at which soil transitions from liquid to plastic state.
      • Plastic Limit (PL): water content at which silt or clay crumbles when rolled into a 3.2 mm diameter tread.
      • Plastic Index (PI): range of water content where sediment behaves plastically (LL - PL).

    Fill Materials

    • Soil, crushed stone, and sand used to raise existing grades.
    • Classified under the USCS:
      • GW, GM, GP: Gravels with > 50% retained on No. 200 sieve and 50% of coarse fraction retained on No. 40 sieve
      • SW, SM: Sands with 50% retained on No. 200 sieve and 50% or more of coarse fraction passing No. 40 sieve

    No. 40 Sieve

    • Granular Fill or Filters: soil materials conforming to General Fill requirements, ASTM C33, size 67, with a sand equivalent of not less than 50%.
    • Borrow Fill: soil suitable as fill or sub-grade, selected laboratory-approved pit-run gravel, disintegrated granite, sand, shale, cinders, with not more than 35% fraction passing the No. 200 sieve.
    • Base Course Materials: hard durable fragments of stone and a filler of sand, free from vegetable matter and clay, complying with AASHTO METHOD T-11 and T-26 Grading Requirements.

    Riprap

    • Constructed layer of stone used to prevent erosion, scouring, or sloughing.
    • Ranges in diameter from 50 mm (2 inches) to 1148 mm (42 inches).

    Gabion Systems

    • Stone-filled wire baskets used for soil stabilization and erosion prevention.
    • Wire fabric containers, uniformly partitioned, of variable size, interconnected with baskets.

    Geosynthetics

    • Synthetic components made for use with or within earth materials.
    • Categorized into:
      • Geotextiles: woven or nonwoven fabric made from polymeric materials.
      • Geonets: continuous extrusion of polymeric ribs creating void space for in-plane flow.
      • Geomembranes: continuous, impermeable polymeric sheets.
      • Geocells: three-dimensional prefabricated polymeric systems ranging from 100mm to 200mm high.
      • Geocomposites: combination of geosynthetic components.

    Geotextiles

    • Most common geosynthetic.
    • General uses:
      • Reinforcement: increases design strength and reduces sub-base and base course deterioration.
      • Separation: prevents migration of dissimilar materials.
      • Filtration: prevents movement of fine particles from the soil through seepage.

    Filtration Categories

    • Subsurface Drainage: employed in subsurface drainage applications, such as filters around underdrains or edge drains.

    Erosion Control

    • Employed to protect cut slopes or drainage features.
    • Serve a secondary function of separation when used with stone lining or rip rap.

    Sediment Control Geotextiles

    • Exclusively used for silt fence applications.
    • Serve as filters with a different mechanism than subsurface drainage or erosion control.

    Membranes

    • Ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) is commonly used for membrane roofing.
    • Uses include lining for ponds, lagoons, landfills, canals, reservoirs, roads, and waterproofing.

    Geocomposites

    • Usually a sheet or edge drain with a prefabricated core bonded to a geotextile filter.
    • The core provides void space for water flow.

    Geomembranes

    • Continuous, impermeable polymeric sheets.
    • Manufactured from high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC).

    Geonets

    • Continuous extrusion of polymeric ribs creating void space for in-plane flow.
    • Available with or without bonded geotextile filters.

    Geocells

    • Three-dimensional, prefabricated polymeric systems ranging from 100mm to 200mm high.
    • Used for stabilization and protection of steep slope surfaces and channel linings.

    Slope-Erosion Protection Materials

    • Used for temporary and permanent erosion protection.
    • Temporary materials:
      • Open mesh polymeric systems.
      • Biodegradable mesh system (e.g., coco coir, jute).
      • Combination of polymeric and biodegradable mesh.

    Physical Barriers

    Termite Resistant Sand

    • Layer of sand preventing termites from moving through or building tunnels.
    • More uniform and effective than chemical barriers.

    Termite Mesh

    • Fine steel mesh that prevents termites from passing through.
    • Used in slab construction, wrapping pipes, and other access areas.

    Home Construction

    • Homes are sometimes designed on high concrete pillars in high-risk areas to separate the home from termites.

    Chemical Barriers

    • Objective: Create a continuous barrier between soil and structure to control termites.
    • Pre-construction barriers: Applied during construction to soil and foundations, or use of termite-resistant building products.
    • Vertical barriers: Rodding or trenching around foundation bases, plumbing, utility entrances, and expansion joints.
    • Horizontal barriers: Applying 1 gallon of termiticide per 10 square feet, typically by coarse spray at low pressure.

    Slab Treatment

    • Drilling through slab floor and injecting termiticides into the soil at regular intervals.

    Basements and Crawl Spaces

    • Trenches dug around foundation, with termiticide applied to trenches and soil within the crawl space/basement.

    Colony Elimination (Bait) System

    • Objective: Eliminate entire worker population and colony using slow-acting insect growth regulator (IGR) - hexaflumuron - in baits.

    Pavements

    • Wearing surface for pedestrian and vehicular traffic.
    • Thickness and construction factors:
      • Intensity and type of traffic loads.
      • Bearing capacity and permeability of the sub-grade.

    Pavement Types

    • Rigid: Reinforced concrete slabs or paving units mortared over a concrete slab. Loads are distributed internally.
    • Flexible: Made of concrete, brick, or stone; flexes under pressure rather than cracking.

    Turf Pavements

    • Unit pavers with spacing for grass or ground covers over a topsoil mix.
    • Used for driveways, patios, sidewalks, porch floors, etc.

    Paving Patterns

    • Variety of shapes creating different patterns.
    • Absorb heating and movement.

    Roads and Parking

    • Materials for horizontal structures.

    Subgrade and Base Course Materials

    Subgrade

    • Borrow Material: soil suitable as fill or sub-grade
    • Base Course Material: hard durable fragments of stone and a filler of sand

    Choker Aggregate

    • A filter layer of finer material over a coarse road base material, providing a stable foundation for pavement.

    Pervious Asphalt Pavement

    • Choker Course, uniformly graded clean crushed stone, 40% Voids

    Surface Paving Material

    Concrete

    • Described in a separate Module.

    Bituminous Surfacing

    • HOT MIX ASPHALT or ASPHALTIC CONCRETE: dark brown to black cementitious material composed of bitumens.
    • COLD MIX ASPHALT OR ASPHALTIC CONCRETE: asphaltic concrete prepared with a relatively light and slow-curing asphalt, placed over a prepared surface without heat.
    • ASPHALTIC MACADAM: formed by grading and compacting layers of crushed-stone or gravel, then binding the top layer with asphalt.
    • ASPHALT OVERLAY: one or more courses of asphalt placed on existing pavement.
    • MACADAM ROAD: type of road construction using single sized aggregate layers of stone with a coating of binder.

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    Module 1 - Materials of Construction - Building Technology (Atlas)

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