Software Vulnerabilities and Disclosure Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary argument in favor of disclosing information about software vulnerabilities?

  • It pressures vendors to release patches quickly. (correct)
  • It allows companies to ignore security patches.
  • It keeps the information secret from potential attackers.
  • It minimizes the chances of vulnerabilities being discovered.

    • Disclosure of vulnerabilities is always beneficial for all companies.

    False (B)

    What is Pegasus primarily used for?

    Surveillance and spying

    Disclosing vulnerabilities without corresponding security patches can lead to increased risk for __________ companies.

    <p>small</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following arguments with their stance on disclosure:

    <p>Forcing disclosure could be a bad move unless security patches are available = Against disclosure Disclosure can pressure vendors to release patches = Pro-disclosure Keeping information secret can avoid rediscovery of a vulnerability = Pro-disclosure Small companies may become victims if vulnerabilities are disclosed = Against disclosure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a vulnerability?

    <p>A type of bug creating a security weakness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Zero-Day exploits can be detected easily and are well understood.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary stage of a destructive malware family that affects the Master Boot Record?

    <p>Overwriting the Master Boot Record</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A regular exploit requires having a clear idea of the measures needed to fix the issue, unlike a Zero-Day exploit which requires finding these measures __________.

    <p>first</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of exploit with its description:

    <p>Vulnerability = Creates a security weakness Exploit = A malicious code that takes advantage of vulnerabilities Zero-Day Exploit = Takes advantage of unknown vulnerabilities Malware = Destructive software that targets systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario is using a Zero-Day vulnerability often deemed worth it?

    <p>Targeting a government institution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Malicious file corrupters only target files with the extension '.exe'.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the process of a Zero-Day exploit typically involve?

    <p>Disrupting the whole system and injecting malicious code</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one method of exploitation that uses malicious SMS messages?

    <p>Sending and Receiving SMS (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A FreeBSD jail is less isolated than a Linux Chroot Jail.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Linux sandboxing compared to Android sandboxing?

    <p>Isolated groups of users</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The method employed to mitigate zero-day vulnerabilities involves running applications in a ______.

    <p>sandbox</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an issue addressed by sandboxes?

    <p>Performance boosting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Malware Isolation = Prevents malware from spreading to the entire system Detection of Malware Behavior = Analyzing code to identify threats Chroot Jail = A method to restrict processes to a certain directory Mount Namespace = Used to separate processes in Linux environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Removing the privileges of chrooted programs enhances security.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of URL redirects in the context of exploitation?

    <p>They lead to decoy websites that can take control of a user's device.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of malware that overwrites files with a fixed number of '0xCC'?

    <p>Corrupt data and destroy strategic infrastructure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The CVE number associated with the vulnerability exploited by EternalBlue is CVE-2017-0144.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does EternalBlue exploit to take control over a Windows computer?

    <p>Memory processing errors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The malware __________ was traced back to the North Korean Government and used the EternalBlue exploit.

    <p>WannaCry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following malware types with their characteristics:

    <p>WannaCry = Automatic spreading through network scanning NotPetya = Overwrites the Master Boot Record EternalBlue = Exploits vulnerabilities in Windows for control Ransomware = Demands payment for data access</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a recommended mitigation measure against the EternalBlue exploit?

    <p>Disabling SMBv1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Both WannaCry and NotPetya are types of ransomware.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant action occurs when NotPetya infects a machine?

    <p>It overwrites the Master Boot Record.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of sandboxing?

    <p>To create an isolated environment for Zero-Day exploits (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Containerization provides a secure environment for applications by isolating them from the global system.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one technology that implements the use case of application deployment in containers.

    <p>Docker</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An immutable OS is predictable because the core operating system does not change and applications run in __________.

    <p>containers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are types of attacks on containerized environments?

    <p>Image dependency attacks (C), Escape attacks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an immutable OS, users are allowed to directly modify the running system.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main components that an exploit locates in the kernel’s ksymtab?

    <p>current_task and pcpu_base_addr</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary differences between sandboxing and containerization in terms of purpose, features, and implementation challenges?

    <p>Sandboxing is primarily used for testing and isolating untrusted software, while containerization is used for deploying applications in isolated environments. Features differ as sandboxing often provides a stricter security environment, whereas containerization focuses on resource efficiency and scalability. Implementation challenges vary; sandboxing may face limitations in performance and compatibility, while containerization might deal with complex orchestration and networking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain how namespaces and cgroups complement each other in Linux containerization.

    <p>Namespaces provide isolation for processes, while cgroups limit the resource usage (CPU, memory, etc.) of those processes, enabling efficient multi-tenant environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the I/O Memory Management Unit (IOMMU) in I/O virtualization, and how does it enhance security?

    <p>The IOMMU maps device-visible virtual addresses to physical addresses, providing isolation and protection among devices, thus enhancing security by preventing unauthorized access to memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Compare the use of chroot and pivot_root in isolating filesystems. Which provides stronger isolation and why?

    <p>pivot_root provides stronger isolation because it can completely change the root filesystem and remove access to the old root filesystem, whereas chroot only changes the root directory for a process without removing access to the original filesystem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary challenges of achieving strict sandboxing, and why might containerization alone be insufficient for secure application deployment?

    <p>Primary challenges include limited resource isolation, potential escape from the sandbox, and complex configurations. Containerization alone may be insufficient due to shared kernel vulnerabilities and inadequate security policies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the kernel and its drivers remain a part of the Trusted Computing Base (TCB) in containerized systems, and what are the implications?

    <p>Because the kernel and its drivers manage hardware resources and provide essential services to containers, any vulnerabilities in them can compromise the security of the entire system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Meltdown exploit out-of-order execution in CPUs to access protected kernel memory?

    <p>By speculatively executing instructions that access kernel memory, Meltdown circumvents memory protection and allows user applications to read privileged memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Android's approach to sandboxing using unique UIDs for each application improve security compared to Linux's traditional user-based sandboxing, and what role does SELinux play in enforcing additional restrictions in Android?

    <p>Android's unique UID approach enhances security by isolating applications at the user level, preventing unauthorized access to resources, while SELinux enforces mandatory access control policies for additional protections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what scenarios could the traditional Linux user-based sandboxing model fail to provide adequate isolation, and how does Android's per-application sandboxing mitigate these risks?

    <p>The traditional Linux user-based sandboxing model may fail in scenarios involving privilege escalation, shared resources, or interprocess communications that allow users to manipulate data across different applications. Android's per-application sandboxing addresses these risks by ensuring that each application runs in its own user space with limited permissions, thus minimizing the chances of one app affecting another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Assignment 6

    • Vulnerability vs. Exploit: A vulnerability is a weakness in a system's design, implementation, or operation. An exploit is malicious code that takes advantage of a vulnerability to compromise a system.

    • Zero-Day Exploit: A zero-day exploit takes advantage of a previously unknown vulnerability (zero-day vulnerability). It's harder to defend against than a regular exploit, because there are no established defenses. Defending against regular exploits involves knowing the specific vulnerability. To defend against zero-day exploits, you need to identify the exploit's functionality and create a solution to match.

    • Malware and Zero-Day Exploits: Malware may or may not use zero-day exploits, depending on the target's importance. Attacking important institutions (e.g., government) might justify employing a zero-day exploit. An attack on a neighbor would not be likely to use this advanced technique.

    • Malware Destructive Effects: Malware families achieve their harmful effects in multiple stages. A common strategy is to overwrite the Master Boot Record to display a false ransom note and further execution to compromise files.

    • EternalBlue Exploit: A significant exploit that has been used in high-profile attacks like WannaCry ransomware, attributed to the North Korean government.

    • CVE-2017-0144: The specific vulnerability exploited by EternalBlue.

    • Exploit Mechanisms (EternalBlue): EternalBlue exploits a Windows vulnerability, making it misinterpret network messages resulting estimating the required memory incorrectly. Two overlapping messages can overwrite memory bounds, allowing malicious code injection.

    • Mitigation Strategies: Updating to a Windows version with the relevant security patch (MS17-10) is important. Disable SMBv1 and limit internet access to vulnerable devices.

    • NotPetya vs. WannaCry: NotPetya compromises systems by overwriting the Master Boot Record, while WannaCry is a ransomware attack demanding a payment for decryption.

    • Malware Reasoning: The rationale behind malware attacks by nation-state actors is typically focused on strategic infrastructure disruption, which is not always the case for other attack groups.

    • Sandboxing Definitions: Sandboxing isolates applications and software on a system to limit the spread of malicious code and testing applications for vulnerabilities.

    • Chroot Jail Limitations: The impact of malware can transcend the limitations of chroot jails, as malware can use additional commands to break out.

    • Container Security Issues: Applications in containers are not necessarily secured in a sandboxed environment.

    • CVE-2021-3490 and Containment: Exploiting CVE-2021-3490 allows an attacker access from outside a container.

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    Related Documents

    Assignment 6: Malware & Sandboxing PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on software vulnerabilities, disclosure practices, and various types of exploits. This quiz covers key concepts like Zero-Day exploits, malware types, and the implications of vulnerability disclosure. Challenge yourself to match arguments with their stances and understand the risks involved.

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