test 3 v1

A valid test objective should focus on building confidence in the quality of the software and reducing risks associated with it. It should not aim to prove the absence of defects or guarantee future failure-free performance.

Involving testers throughout the development process (SDLC) helps catch defects early and improves the overall quality of the software. Testers can provide valuable input during various stages like requirement analysis and design.

This principle highlights the risk of assuming a system is flawless just because no new defects are found. Regression testing helps identify if changes introduced in new iterations break previously working functionality.

Test analysis involves identifying the scope and objectives of testing. It helps determine specific test cases, test data, and the overall strategy for evaluating the software.

Factors like the software development lifecycle, identified product risks, and the team's experience all influence how testing is approached. Understanding these factors allows for more tailored and effective testing strategies.

Boundary Value Analysis (BVA) focuses on testing input values at the boundaries of valid ranges to ensure correct software behavior. This method helps uncover potential errors related to boundary conditions.

Regression testing aims to ensure that changes made to the software do not negatively affect previously working functionality. This is done by re-running previously successful tests to detect potential regressions.

The setup of the testing environment, including tools and infrastructure, can heavily influence the effectiveness and outcomes of white-box testing.

Configuration management, test environment setup, and building and configuring the test infrastructure fall under the responsibilities of a testing role.

Domain knowledge, being a good team player, and critical thinking are essential skills for testers.

The whole team approach emphasizes collaboration between testers and business representatives to ensure a shared understanding and alignment of testing goals.

The rule that for every SDLC activity, there's a corresponding test activity, applies to all SDLC models, including sequential, iterative, and incremental.

ATDD (Acceptance Test-Driven Development) utilizes acceptance criteria, often in the format 'Given/When/Then', to drive the development process, ensuring that the software meets the defined user needs.

The shift-left approach involves moving testing activities earlier in the SDLC, such as reviewing user requirements before formal acceptance or writing component tests before code is written.

Retrospectives, held at the end of each release cycle, provide a platform for continuous process improvement by identifying and addressing weaknesses in the project processes.

Acceptance testing focuses on validating the software against the user's business needs, identifying failures in system behavior that deviate from those requirements.

Regression tests are executed after defects are fixed and a new version is released, ensuring that the fixes haven't introduced new issues or regressions.

Static testing, focused on reviewing code, documents, and other artifacts without executing the software, helps early defect detection and saves resources during subsequent dynamic testing.

Early and frequent feedback, provided throughout the SDLC, helps identify potential issues and resolve them promptly, improving the overall quality of the product.

Technical reviews, involving dedicated preparation, a scribe, and a review report, are structured meetings aimed at evaluating the quality of work products.

Successful reviews are facilitated by factors like adequate time allocation, work product splitting, respectful behavior, and objective handling of failures.

Experience-based testing techniques leverage testers' knowledge and experience to design and execute tests, drawing on past projects, common defects, and industry best practices.

Equivalence Partitioning (EP) is a test technique used to divide the input data into groups (partitions) where each element within a partition is expected to produce similar results. This method helps ensure that the test cases cover a broad range of input values while minimizing the number of tests.

Boundary Value Analysis (BVA) is a test technique that focuses on testing the boundaries of input values. It involves testing the minimum, maximum, and values just inside and outside the boundaries to identify potential defects at the edges of valid input ranges.

The minimum number of test cases needed to achieve 100% Equivalence Partitioning (EP) coverage is determined by the number of unique partitions or groups of input data.

The 2-value Boundary Value Analysis (BVA) coverage is the percentage of boundary combinations tested. A 2-value BVA coverage of 100% means that all possible combinations of boundary values have been tested.

Impossible situations are scenarios or conditions that violate the rules or logic of the system. These are cases that should never occur due to constraints or business rules.

Transition testing checks for defects in the system's state transitions. It ensures that the system moves smoothly between different states or modes of operation, reacting to changes in input or events.

Statement Coverage measures the percentage of code statements executed by a test suite. 100% statement coverage means that each instruction line in the code has been executed at least once.

White-box testing is a test technique where testers have knowledge of the internal code structure, logic, and design of the software under test. They use this knowledge to create test cases that cover all branches, paths, and internal logic of the code.

Error Guessing is a test technique where testers use their experience, knowledge, and intuition to guess potential defects in the software. This technique is based on the idea that testers can anticipate common errors that developers might make.

Exploratory testing is an open-ended, test technique where testers have freedom to explore the software and its functionality. They can discover defects based on their understanding of the software and user needs.

Acceptance Criteria are specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART) criteria that define the conditions for successful completion of a user story or feature. They act as the acceptance test cases for the feature.

ATDD (Acceptance Test-Driven Development) is a collaborative approach to software development where tests are written before the code is written. These tests, based on Acceptance Criteria, help determine when a feature is complete and acceptable.

Exit Criteria are predefined conditions or standards that must be met before a testing phase can be considered complete. These criteria define the expectations of the testing process, ensuring that the software meets the required quality standards.

Three-Point Estimation is a technique used to estimate project tasks by considering three values: optimistic, pessimistic, and most likely. This method helps provide a more realistic estimate based on different scenarios and risks.

It involves calculating a weighted average of the optimistic, likely, and pessimistic estimates, giving more weight to the most likely estimate.

This method is used to determine the order of test cases based on their priority and dependencies.

It maps test categories to agile testing quadrants, where Q1 supports the development team with technology-focused testing, Q2 supports with business-focused testing, Q3 critiques the product from a business perspective, and Q4 critiques from a technology perspective.

It refers to proactive actions taken to lessen the impact or likelihood of a risk occurring. It involves strategies like performance testing and user testing.

A burndown chart visualizes the remaining work in an iteration, showing progress towards completion.

It refers to the controlled management of changes to software components, including test scripts. It ensures version control and traceability.

The missing information is the expected result and actual result achieved during testing. This allows developers to understand the intended behavior and compare it with the actual output.

Data preparation tools are used during test design and implementation, helping prepare test data and environments for testing.

A potential risk is inadequate maintenance of test ware, which can lead to outdated or unreliable tests. It demands a significant effort to maintain and update test scripts.

Debugging involves identifying and fixing the root cause of software failures.

It is not correct. Testing is a broader activity that includes various phases to demonstrate the software's fitness for purpose, while QA encompasses quality-related processes. Testing verifies the software's quality, while QA ensures the entire development process adheres to quality standards.

A defect is an error in the software that deviates from the intended behavior. It's the actual manifestation of a problem. In this scenario, allowing incorrect input values represents a defect.

Test design and implementation are the activities responsible for creating and documenting test cases.

Traceability ensures that test cases can be linked back to specific requirements and design elements, supporting coverage analysis and demonstrating that all requirements are tested.

A type of testing that focuses on exercising all possible paths through the code, including conditional branches.

A testing technique which checks the user interface (UI) of an application against a list of best practices to ensure the UI is attractive, easy to use and accessible for users.

A collaborative approach to user story writing where business representatives, developers, and testers work together to create and refine user stories.

A section in a test plan that describes the general approach to testing, including the types of testing to be performed and the level of coverage required.

The testing process used to evaluate a software component in isolation from other components.

The process of combining and testing multiple integrated components of a system.

The act of deciding upon a final decision based on the input of several individuals, where a consensus is not reached.

A software testing approach that emphasizes having more tests at the lower levels of the testing pyramid, such as unit tests, and fewer tests at the higher levels, such as end-to-end tests.

A risk that is directly related to the software development project itself, impacting its success or failure.

The process of evaluating the potential impact of a risk on the software development project.

The influence of risk analysis on the scope and thoroughness of testing, focusing on areas of high risk in the product.

The process of measuring and reporting on the quality of a product or system, often using metrics to track defects, coverage, and efficiency.

Information in a test progress report least useful for business representatives because it details technical aspects not directly related to business value or product delivery.

Impact analysis helps determine the scope and focus of regression testing by identifying which parts of the system need the most attention. It helps prioritize testing efforts and avoids unnecessary testing.

Regression testing aims to ensure that new changes haven't broken existing functionality. This helps maintain software stability and prevent unintended consequences.

Traceability helps quantify the risk remaining in the system after testing. By mapping test cases to requirements, you can see how much of the functionality has been covered.

Independent testing helps ensure objectivity and avoids biases that can occur when developers are also testing their own code. This leads to more thorough and unbiased testing.

The V-model aligns testing with the SDLC phases. Early testing activities like static testing help identify issues in the requirements and design, preventing them from reaching later stages.

DevOps promotes continuous integration and deployment, resulting in faster product releases and shorter time-to-market. This is beneficial for meeting user needs quickly.

DevOps streamlines testing activities by automating regression testing and reducing manual efforts. This saves time and resources.

Performance testing is a type of non-functional testing that measures how the system performs under specific load conditions. It ensures the system meets performance requirements, like processing time for orders.

Maintenance testing focuses on verifying the impact of changes or upgrades on the existing system. This includes testing data migration during system retirement.

Formal reviews are a structured process involving different roles, including a reviewer, moderator, and author. This helps ensure thorough review and documentation.

Static testing focuses on reviewing software artifacts like code or documentation without executing the software. This helps identify problems early in the development cycle.

A review meeting is a formal process where participants discuss the work product and identify potential issues. It involves documenting the findings for further actions

Using a minimal set of test inputs to cover all possible scenarios during Boundary Value Analysis (BVA) helps ensure efficient and effective testing.

Factors like the software development lifecycle, identified product risks, and the team's experience all influence how testing is approached. Understanding these factors allows for more tailored and effective testing strategies.

The setup of the testing environment, including tools and infrastructure, can heavily influence the effectiveness and outcomes of white-box testing.

Equivalence partitioning divides input data into groups (partitions) where each element within a partition is expected to produce similar results, aiming for efficient test coverage.

The minimum number of test cases needed to achieve 100% EP coverage is determined by the number of unique partitions or groups of input data.

2-value Boundary Value Analysis (BVA) coverage is the percentage of boundary combinations tested. 100% means that all possible combinations of boundary values have been tested.

Impossible situations are scenarios or conditions that violate the rules or logic of the system, meaning they should never occur due to constraints or business rules.

Transition testing concentrates on identifying defects in the system's state transitions, ensuring the system moves smoothly between different states or modes, reacting to changes in input or events.

Statement Coverage measures the percentage of code statements executed by a test suite. 100% coverage means each instruction line in the code has been executed at least once.

White-box testing employs knowledge of the internal code structure, logic, and design of the software under test, allowing for test cases that cover all branches, paths, and internal logic of the code.

Error Guessing leverages testers' experience, knowledge, and intuition to guess potential defects in the software, based on the idea that testers can anticipate common errors developers might make.

Exploratory Testing is an open-ended test technique where testers have freedom to explore the software and its functionality, discovering defects based on their understanding of the software and user needs.

Acceptance Criteria are specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART) criteria defining the conditions for successful completion of a user story or feature, acting as the acceptance test cases for the feature.

Acceptance Test-Driven Development (ATDD) is a collaborative approach to software development where tests are written before the code is written, based on Acceptance Criteria, to determine when a feature is complete and acceptable.

Exit Criteria are predefined conditions or standards that must be met before a testing phase can be considered complete, defining the expectations of the testing process and ensuring the software meets the required quality standards.

The three-point estimation technique estimates project tasks considering three values: optimistic, pessimistic, and most likely estimates. This method provides a more realistic estimate based on different scenarios and risks.

A visual representation of work remaining in an iteration, showing progress towards completion.

Proactive actions taken to lessen the impact or likelihood of a risk occurring. Examples include performance testing and user acceptance testing.

The process of identifying and fixing the root cause of software failures.

Ensuring that changes made to the software do not negatively affect previously working functionality.

The process of ensuring that test cases can be linked back to specific requirements and design elements.

A type of testing used to verify the impact of changes or upgrades on the existing system. This includes testing data migration during system retirement.

It involves reviewing the code and other artifacts without executing the software. This helps identify problems early in the development cycle.

Formal white-box testing and test environment setup significantly influence the testing process. Changes in these areas can impact the effectiveness and reliability of the tests.

Configuring test environments and creating test plans are the main responsibilities of a testing role. They are directly involved in setting up the testing infrastructure and defining the testing strategy.

Domain knowledge, being a good team player, and critical thinking are essential skills for testers. They allow them to understand the software, collaborate effectively, and analyze testing results.

The whole team approach involves close collaboration between testers and business representatives. Testers help define the test strategy and create acceptance tests, ensuring that the software meets business needs.

Shift left approach emphasizes early testing activities like reviewing user requirements before formal acceptance or writing component tests before code is written. This helps catch issues early in the development process.

Organizing retrospectives at the end of each release cycle helps identify and address process weaknesses, fostering continuous process improvement. This allows organizations to learn and adapt from each release.

Acceptance testing verifies the software against the user's business needs. It identifies failures in system behavior that deviate from these requirements, ensuring the software meets the intended purpose from the user's perspective.

Regression tests are re-run after defects are fixed and a new version is released. This ensures that the fixes haven't introduced new issues or regressions, maintaining the stability of the software.

Static testing, which reviews code and documentation without executing the software, helps detect defects early. Fixing defects found during static testing is generally less expensive than fixing them during dynamic testing.

Early and frequent feedback throughout the SDLC helps identify and resolve issues promptly, improving product quality. It facilitates a more iterative and collaborative development approach.

Technical reviews involve a structured process with preparation, a scribe, and a review report. They are aimed at evaluating the quality of work products, ensuring a thorough and documented review.

Participants should dedicate time, split large work products into small parts, avoid negative behavior, and handle failures objectively to make reviews successful. This creates a conducive environment for productive discussion and improvement.

Performing an impact analysis highlights which areas of the system are affected by a change, guiding the selection of test cases for regression testing. It ensures that testing efforts are focused on the most susceptible parts of the system.

By analyzing the traceability between test cases and test results, testers can gauge the level of residual risk remaining in the software. If there are gaps in coverage, it indicates that some aspects of the software may not have been adequately tested, leading to unknown risks.

Independent testing provides an unbiased perspective on the software's quality. Testers who are not part of the development team can challenge assumptions, find hidden issues, and ensure the software functions correctly from a user's point of view.

In the V-model, testing activities align with each phase of the software development life cycle (SDLC). Early testing activities, like static testing in the initial phases, aim to catch defects early, preventing them from cascading into later stages.

DevOps practices accelerate the software development process, leading to faster releases and quicker delivery of value to users. This can be achieved through continuous integration and deployment.

Performance testing, a type of non-functional testing, measures how the system behaves under specific load conditions. It helps ensure the system meets performance requirements, such as processing time for online orders.

Maintenance testing involves verifying the impact of changes or upgrades on the existing system. This includes testing data migration during system retirement.

Static testing examines software artifacts, like code or documentation, without executing the software. This proactive approach helps identify and address potential issues early in the development cycle, improving the quality of the final product.

A review meeting is a structured session where participants collaboratively review the work product, identifying potential issues or areas for improvement. Findings are documented to facilitate subsequent actions.

Boundary Value Analysis (BVA) aims to minimize the number of test cases by testing the boundaries of input values. This ensures efficient and thorough testing, covering extreme cases that can expose potential defects.

Testware includes all the artifacts created during testing, such as test cases, test scripts, test data, defect reports, and test reports. It provides a comprehensive documentation of the testing process.