Software Processes and Change Management
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of requirements elicitation and analysis?

  • Validating the software design
  • Understanding stakeholder expectations (correct)
  • Defining the technical specifications
  • Creating the software architecture

What is a key activity in architectural design?

  • Testing system components for errors
  • Developing detailed user interfaces
  • Identifying system components and their relationships (correct)
  • Creating a database schema

Which of the following is NOT a part of the requirements engineering process?

  • Requirements elicitation
  • Software evolution (correct)
  • Requirements specification
  • Requirements validation

What does software validation ensure?

<p>The system meets its specification and user needs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes component design in the software design process?

<p>It outlines how each system component operates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which model is an example of a general process model?

<p>Incremental development (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of requirements specification?

<p>To define requirements in detail (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between software processes and software process models?

<p>Models represent processes abstractly (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary issue with incremental development?

<p>System structure may degrade as new increments are added. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the waterfall model?

<p>A linear, sequential approach to software development. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the requirements engineering process include?

<p>An assessment of technical and financial feasibility. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key benefit of reuse-oriented software engineering?

<p>It speeds up the development process by utilizing existing components. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which development model are process activities organized in sequence?

<p>Waterfall model. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common problem associated with systems developed quickly in incremental development?

<p>Increased difficulty in applying future changes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of software component is described as available for remote invocation?

<p>Web services developed according to service standards. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the evolution phase of the process activities entail?

<p>Making systematic modifications post-deployment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines plan-driven processes?

<p>Activities are planned in advance with measurable progress. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT typically included in a software process description?

<p>Financial forecasts relating to the software. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which software process model emphasizes separate phases such as requirements specification and testing?

<p>Waterfall model (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Incremental development allows for what in the software process?

<p>Interleaving of specification, development, and validation activities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of agile processes in comparison to plan-driven ones?

<p>They incorporate customer feedback in a faster, ongoing manner. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is typically true about most large software systems development?

<p>They incorporate elements from various process models. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect reflects the responsibilities of people involved in a software process?

<p>Roles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be said about the relationship between plan-driven and agile processes in practical scenarios?

<p>Most practical processes include elements of both. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of prototype development?

<p>Functional requirements are emphasized over non-functional requirements. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key disadvantage of incremental development?

<p>Users may resist using an incomplete system. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Boehm’s spiral model, what primarily drives the software process?

<p>Risk management considerations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes throw-away prototypes?

<p>They are discarded after the required information is gathered. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does incremental delivery involve?

<p>Deploying parts of the system for user feedback before the entire system is completed. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might it be difficult to implement iterative development for replacement systems?

<p>Existing users may prefer a completely new system rather than using increments. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a noteworthy approach of agile methods in software processes?

<p>Emphasizes iterative development and incremental delivery. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary focus during prototype development?

<p>Exploring areas of the product that are poorly understood. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for software evolution?

<p>To meet new requirements and remain useful (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a cost of change in software projects?

<p>Rework for requirement re-analysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a method that can help in coping with changing requirements?

<p>System prototyping and incremental delivery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does change avoidance contribute to software development?

<p>By anticipating potential changes to reduce rework (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does change tolerance in software development allow for?

<p>Adapting to changes at a low-cost, often through incremental development (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does each loop in the spiral model represent?

<p>A phase of a software process (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the spiral model address change management?

<p>By combining change avoidance with change tolerance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the Rational Unified Process (RUP)?

<p>It separates activities from phases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of iteration occurs within each phase of the RUP?

<p>In-phase iteration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major influence of the spiral model in software development?

<p>It emphasized an iterative and risk-driven development methodology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of software processes is highlighted in terms of managing changes?

<p>Incorporating activities to cope with change (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a phase in the Rational Unified Process?

<p>Implementation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the risk management activities in the spiral model?

<p>Project risks are assessed and resolved continuously (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Requirements Elicitation

Understanding what stakeholders need from a system.

Requirements Specification

Detailed description of system requirements.

Requirements Validation

Ensuring requirements are correct and meet needs.

Software Design

Transforming requirements into a working system.

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Software Implementation

Building the software based on the design.

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Software Validation

Checking if the system meets its design and user needs.

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Software Processes

Activities involved in producing a software system.

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Software Evolution

Adapting a software system over time.

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Software Process Models

Different ways of organizing tasks to build software, like Waterfall or Agile.

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Plan-driven Processes

Software processes where all steps are planned ahead of time.

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Agile Processes

Software processes where planning is flexible, allowing changes during development.

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Waterfall Model

A linear software development process that progresses through distinct phases.

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Incremental Development

Software development approaches where features/components are built and added incrementally.

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Reuse-oriented SE

Software development where existing components are reused to build a new system.

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Process Activities

Specific tasks within a software development process (like designing or testing).

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Software Process Descriptions

Detailed descriptions of how software is developed, including tasks, ordering, and outcomes.

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Software Evolution

Adapting existing software to meet changing requirements.

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Change Inevitability

Software projects always need adjustments due to business or tech shifts.

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Change Costs

The price of changing software, including rework and new additions.

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Change Avoidance

Methods to anticipate changes and reduce rework efforts.

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Incremental Delivery

A software development approach, releasing/building small parts of the project over time.

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Waterfall Model

Software development phases in a sequential order.

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Incremental Development

Software development in small, manageable parts.

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Reuse-Oriented Software Engineering

Using existing software components to build new systems.

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Software Component Types

Web services, object packages, or pre-built systems.

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Software Process Activities

Steps involved in creating, testing, and maintaining software. They are: 'Specification', 'Development', 'Validation' and 'Evolution'

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Software Specification

Describing user needs and requirements for a software system.

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Waterfall Model Problems

Sequential phases make changes difficult, not suitable for complex projects.

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Incremental Development Problems

Changes are challenging, can lead to system degradation over time.

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Software Prototyping Benefits

Prototyping helps understand and clarify requirements, especially in areas unclear to stakeholders.

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Prototype Development Process

Creating a working model to test and refine features, focusing on what's unclear to stakeholders.

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Throw-away Prototypes

Prototypes discarded after development, used to gain understanding but not part of the final system.

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Incremental Delivery

Software is delivered in functional parts called increments, tested and evaluated by users at each step.

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Incremental Development Advantages

Incremental development allows for early feedback, easier adaptation to changing requirements, and reduced risk.

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Incremental Delivery Problems

Difficulties arise when delivering increments in software replacements, as full functionality is unavailable early on, reducing user engagement.

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Boehm's Spiral Model

A risk-driven software development process model that addresses risk factors at each iteration of the development spiral.

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Why Prototyping Matters

Prototyping clarifies unclear user needs and allows for adjustment of the development process along the way.

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Spiral Model

A software development process that uses iterative loops with risk assessment in each step.

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Risk Management

Identifying, analyzing, and mitigating potential problems in a software project.

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Iterative Development

Developing software in small steps, repeating phases to improve it with fresh information.

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Rational Unified Process (RUP)

A structured process model for software development.

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Phases in RUP

Inception, elaboration, construction, transition.

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In-Phase Iteration

Iterative steps within each phase of a process.

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Cross-Phase Iteration

Using iterative steps across different phases of the process.

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Change Tolerance

The ability of a process to manage and accommodate changes in requirements and risks.

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Study Notes

Software Processes

  • Software processes are the activities involved in producing a software system.
  • Software process models are abstract representations of these activities.
  • General process models show how software processes are organized.
  • Example models include the waterfall model, incremental development, and reuse-oriented development.

Coping with Change

  • Change is inevitable in large software projects.
  • Business changes, new technologies, and platform changes all lead to new requirements.
  • Changes lead to rework (eg., re-analyzing requirements), and costs to implement new functionality.
  • Strategies to handle change include change avoidance (anticipating possible changes) and change tolerance (designing for accommodating changes).
  • System prototyping and incremental delivery are two common approaches to handle changing requirements.

Software Prototyping

  • Prototypes can be used to test assumptions and show some key features to stakeholders.
  • Prototypes help refine requirements earlier in the process.
  • Prototyping can reduce the cost of rework in later stages.
  • Prototypes can be throw-away (designed for evaluation) or evolutionary (evolving to a final system).
  • Prototypes usually do not include non-functional requirements like reliability or security.
  • Prototype development involves establishing objectives, defining functionality, building a prototype, evaluating, and reporting on evaluations.

Incremental Delivery

  • Incremental delivery develops the system in increments and evaluates each before proceeding to the next.
  • Incremental delivery is typically used in agile methods.
  • Evaluation is typically done with the user/customer.
  • Deploying increments for use by end-users allows for more realistic evaluation.
  • Incremental delivery may be challenging for replacement systems where increments will necessarily have less functionality than the existing system.
  • Process steps usually include: defining requirements, assigning to increments, designing architecture, developing system increments, validating increments, integrating, validating, deploying, and checking if the final system is complete.

Boehm's Spiral Model

  • Boehm's spiral model is a risk-driven software process framework that uses iteration and risk management.
  • The process is represented as a spiral.
  • Each loop represents a phase in the process.
  • The model combines change avoidance with change tolerance to account for risks in the project.
  • The model explicitly includes risk management activities.

Rational Unified Process (RUP)

  • The Rational Unified Process (RUP) is a modern, generic process model with sequential phases (inception, elaboration, construction, and transition).
  • RUP's phases are performed iteratively, enabling incremental development.
  • RUP activities (requirements, analysis, and design) are separated from the phases themselves.

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Related Documents

Chapter 2 - Software Processes Lecture 1 PDF

Description

This quiz covers software processes, including the models used to represent these activities and strategies for coping with change in software projects. Topics include the waterfall model, incremental development, and approaches for handling changing requirements. Prepare to test your understanding of software development methodologies and prototyping.

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