Software Process Management Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is a process schema primarily used for?

  • Implementing software solutions
  • Analyzing software performance metrics
  • Recording user requirements
  • Describing process models and their relationships (correct)

    • Which statement about process management tools is accurate?

  • All tools can easily accommodate multiple process schemata.
  • Process management tools are solely used for documentation.
  • Most tools can import any process schema without limitations.
  • Few tools are flexible enough to cope with different process schemata. (correct)

    • What is a common issue when a process schema is created together with a process model?

  • Reduction in costs associated with process modeling
  • Description failures due to inadequate planning (correct)
  • Increased efficiency in management
  • Enhanced communication among team members

    • What do process schemas define regarding process models?

    <p>The building blocks and constraints on their composition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might a process schema be useful in software process improvement?

    <p>It serves as a framework for structured understanding of processes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of requirements validation?

    <p>To check the validity of the requirements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does software design primarily involve?

    <p>Creating a structure that realizes the specification (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a design activity in the software design process?

    <p>System testing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes verification and validation (V & V) activities?

    <p>Ensures the system meets customer needs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is acceptance testing primarily concerned with?

    <p>Using customer data to verify system functionality (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does architectural design focus on within the design process?

    <p>Identifying the system's overall structure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which testing stage focuses on the system as a whole?

    <p>System testing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is an important aspect of testing emergent properties?

    <p>It must be addressed during system testing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature that difficult team-oriented working requires?

    <p>A detailed description of the process being followed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a context factor for determining appropriate software process models?

    <p>Market trends (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the selected benefits of using process models in software development?

    <p>Enhanced transparency of software development activities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of process models needs to be tailored for better effectiveness?

    <p>The context in which they are applied (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'synchronization' in team-oriented working refer to?

    <p>Coping with late requirements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a non-functional quality requirement for a software system?

    <p>User interface design (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a challenge that can arise from 'contrary viewpoints' among team members?

    <p>Dead ends in project development (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'process requirements' emphasize in the context of software development?

    <p>The procedural guidelines to follow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the Prescriptive Process Models?

    <p>To formalize the development process (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of test cases are mentioned in the context of integration testing?

    <p>Conformance Test Cases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tool is associated with the deployment of customer data?

    <p>TSPA from P3 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Regression Test Cases?

    <p>To ensure previous functionalities remain intact (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has contributed to the increasing complexity of computer system development?

    <p>The requirement to integrate more features (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Process Standards in software development?

    <p>To formalize processes and ensure quality (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which prescriptive process is involved in upgrading customer data?

    <p>Data Upgrade/Tool Upgrade (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a likely outcome of formalizing the production process in software development?

    <p>Enhanced ability to manage production quality (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of the spiral model in software process management?

    <p>It combines features from various development models. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase is NOT part of the spiral model according to the provided content?

    <p>Code optimization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the spiral model, what does the 'Planning next phases' step involve?

    <p>Outlining future development stages. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the 'Integration and test plan' within the spiral model?

    <p>It serves as a blueprint for continuous development. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components is a critical part of validating software requirements?

    <p>Concept of operation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the 'Requirements plan' in the software process model?

    <p>To outline the project's objectives and necessary features. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the 'Detailed software design' stage?

    <p>It defines how the software will meet requirements. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of software product design, what does 'Code' refer to in the context of workflow?

    <p>The creation of software that integrates previous phases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does 'Acceptance testing' play in the software development life cycle?

    <p>It assesses whether the software meets business objectives. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase directly follows the 'Requirements validation' in the spiral model process?

    <p>Implementation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of the Unified Process allows it to adapt to various organizational needs?

    <p>It consists of a generic description of phases and activities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following models does the Unified Process incorporate elements from?

    <p>Spiral model and prototyping model (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Unified Process emphasize that distinguishes it from traditional functional specifications?

    <p>The use of use-cases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the nature of the Unified Process?

    <p>It follows an iterative and incremental approach. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Unified Process handle system components?

    <p>It is component-based with well-defined interfaces. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does architecture play in the Unified Process?

    <p>It is architecture-centric, emphasizing system architecture's significance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Unified Process?

    <p>Strict adherence to a single development model (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Unified Process include regarding risk management?

    <p>It specifically considers risks during the iterations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Software design and implementation

    The process of translating system specifications into an executable program.

    Architectural design

    Breaking down a system into its components and outlining their relationships and overall structure.

    Interface design

    Defining how components interact with each other.

    Component design

    Designing the functionality and internal workings of each individual system component.

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    Database design

    Designing the data structures used by a system and how they are organized within a database.

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    Software validation

    The process of ensuring that a system conforms to its specifications and meets customer requirements.

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    Development or component testing

    Testing individual components of a system in isolation to ensure their functionality.

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    System testing

    Testing the entire system as a whole, focusing on how components interact.

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    Team

    A group of people who work together to achieve a common goal.

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    Sharing of tasks

    The process of dividing work among specialists to make the most of everyone's skills.

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    Software Process

    The way work is done in a team, including how tasks are organized, the order they are completed, and how communication happens.

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    Software Process Context

    The environment in which a software project takes place, including factors like team experience, available budget, and quality requirements.

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    Non-Functional Quality Requirements

    The characteristics of the software that go beyond functionality, like reliability, accuracy, and security.

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    Process Modeling

    This is the key to making software development transparent, efficient, and accountable.

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    Process Model Tailoring

    Adapting a software process model to fit the specific needs of a project and its context.

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    Process Improvement

    Process improvement involves making changes to the software process to make it more effective, efficient, and valuable.

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    Process Schema

    A conceptual framework that defines how to describe and structure process models. It provides building blocks and rules for combining them into a consistent process model.

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    What does a Process Schema define?

    A process schema defines the elements that make up a process model and how they can be combined.

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    Why is a consistent process schema important?

    A process schema ensures that process models are consistent and can be understood and used effectively across different projects.

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    How can process models be customized?

    Process models can be tailored to specific needs by choosing different building blocks from the process schema and combining them according to the rules.

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    What is a limitation of process management tools?

    Many process management tools are not flexible enough to support multiple process schemas or import individual schemas, leading to inconsistencies and limitations.

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    Prescriptive Process Model

    A set of guidelines and practices that outlines the steps involved in developing software systems in a structured and controlled manner.

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    Prescriptive Process Model Classes

    A collection of models representing different approaches to the software development process, offering flexibility to choose the best fit for specific projects.

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    Process Standards

    A standard that defines specific rules, procedures, and practices for a particular aspect of the software development process.

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    Integration Test

    Testing that focuses on ensuring that the software system integrates correctly with other systems it interacts with, such as databases or external services.

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    Customer Data

    Data used in integration testing, representing the real or simulated data the system interacts with.

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    Conformance Test Cases

    Verifying that the software system adheres to its specifications and intended functionality.

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    Regression Test Cases

    Testing to ensure that changes to the software system haven't introduced new errors or regressions in existing functionality.

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    Test Specification

    A document outlining the requirements for testing, including the scope, objectives, test procedures, and expected outcomes.

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    Prescriptive Process

    A software development process that is customized for a specific organization, project, or software system.

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    Unified Process (UP)

    The Unified Process is an iterative and incremental process that emphasizes use cases, architecture, and risk management.

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    Component-based

    The UP focuses on breaking the system into components that interact through well-defined interfaces.

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    Unified Modeling Language (UML)

    The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is used to represent various artifacts like requirements and designs.

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    Use-case Driven

    The UP uses use cases to define the system's functionality, replacing traditional functional specifications.

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    Architecture-Centric

    The UP emphasizes a strong focus on the overall system architecture.

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    Iterative & Incremental

    The UP is iterative and incremental, meaning the system is developed in small, manageable steps.

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    Risk Management

    The UP emphasizes managing risks during each iteration.

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    Spiral Model

    A model that combines aspects of the waterfall, iterative enhancement, and prototyping models. It involves repeated cycles of planning, risk analysis, development, and evaluation, leading to a progressively more refined product.

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    Prototype

    A software development model that emphasizes early delivery of functional prototypes to gather user feedback and iterate on design.

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    Commitment

    The initial stage of the spiral model, focusing on defining the project scope, identifying risks, and establishing preliminary requirements.

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    Iterative Enhancement Model

    A software development approach that focuses on delivering small, functional increments of the software at regular intervals.

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    Operation

    The final stage of the spiral model, where the software is deployed to users and ongoing maintenance and support are provided.

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    Validation

    A set of activities aimed at ensuring that the developed software meets the specified requirements.

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    Lifecycle Plan

    A process for planning, organizing, and managing the development of a software product.

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    Requirements Plan

    A document that outlines the requirements for a software product, including functional and non-functional aspects.

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    Study Notes

    Software Processes - Lecture 1

    • Software processes are the activities involved in producing a software system
    • Software process models are abstract representations of these processes.
    • General process models describe the organization of software processes, with examples such as the waterfall model, incremental development, and reuse-oriented development.
    • The waterfall model is a plan-driven process. Separate and distinct phases of specification and development are used
    • Incremental development interleaves specification, development, and validation. It can be plan-driven or agile
    • Reuse-oriented software engineering assembles a system from existing components. It can be plan-driven or agile
    • In practice, large systems often incorporate elements from multiple models
    • Activities in the development process include specification, design, implementation, validation, and evolution
    • Specification: defines what the system should do
    • Design & Implementation: determines system organization and implements it
    • Validation: checks if the system meets customer needs
    • Evolution: modifies the system in response to changing customer needs

    Topics Covered in Lecture

    • Software process models
    • Process activities
    • Coping with change
    • The Rational Unified Process (RUP) as an example of a modern software process

    The Software Process

    • A structured set of activities required to develop a software system
    • Key activities include:
      • Specification: Defining what the system should do
      • Design & Implementation: Defining system organization and implementing the system
      • Validation: Checking whether the system meets customer needs
      • Evolution: Modifying the system in response to changing customer needs

    Software Process Descriptions

    • Discussions about software processes often involve activities, such as specifying a data model or a user interface, and the order of those activities
    • Process descriptions may include products (outcomes), roles (responsibilities of people involved), and pre- and post-conditions (statements that are true before and after the process or product production).

    Plan-driven and Agile Processes

    • Plan-driven processes have all process activities planned in advance, with progress measured against this plan.
    • Agile processes focus on incremental planning and adjustments to reflect changing customer requirements.
    • Practical software processes typically combine elements of both approaches.

    Software Process Models

    • Waterfall model: Plan-driven model. Distinct phases of specification and development
    • Incremental development: Specification, development, and validation are interleaved. May be plan-driven or agile.
    • Reuse-oriented software engineering: System is assembled from existing components. May be plan-driven or agile

    Waterfall Model Phases

    • Requirements definition
    • System and software design
    • Implementation and unit testing
    • Integration and system testing
    • Operation and maintenance

    Waterfall Model Problems

    • Inflexible partitioning makes responding to changing customer requirements difficult.
    • The model is best suited for projects with stable requirements.
    • It's primarily used in large system engineering with multiple sites.

    Incremental Development Benefits

    • Reduced cost of accommodating changing requirements
    • Fewer analysis and documentation issues compared to waterfall models
    • Easier to get customer feedback through demonstrations
    • Facilitates faster delivery and deployment of useful software

    Incremental Development Problems

    • Process invisibility, requiring regular deliverables to monitor progress.
    • Documenting each incremental version can be inefficient when systems are developed quickly
    • System structure tends to degrade with each new increment unless refactoring takes place.

    Reuse-oriented Software Engineering

    • Based on systematic reuse of existing components (Commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS))
    • Process stages include component analysis, requirements modification, system design with reuse, and development and integration.

    Types of Software Components

    • Web services (remote invocation)
    • Object collections (integrated with frameworks like .NET or J2EE)
    • Stand-alone software systems (configured for specific use cases)

    Process Activities

    • Real software processes are sequences of technical, collaborative, and managerial activities aimed at specifying, designing, implementing, and testing a software system.
    • Specification, development, validation, and evolution are typically organized differently across various development processes

    Software Specification

    • Establishing required services and constraints on system operation/development
    • Requirements engineering process

    The Requirements Engineering Process

    • Feasibility studies: Determining technical and financial feasibility
    • Requirements elicitation and analysis: Understanding stakeholders needs
    • Requirements specification: Detailing the requirements
    • Requirements validation: Checking validity of requirements

    Software Design and Implementation

    • Converting system specifications into an executable system
    • Software design components
      • Designing software structure achieving specification
    • Implementation aspects
      • Translating design structure into an executable program
    • Design and implementation activities closely related and may be interleaved

    A General Model of the Design Process

    • Design inputs: Platform information, software requirements, data descriptions
    • Design activities: Architectural design, interface design, database design, component selection and design
    • Design outputs: System architecture, database design, interface specification, component descriptions

    Design Activities

    • Architectural design: Identifying system structure, components, their relationships and distribution

    • Interface design: Defining interfaces between system components

    • Component design: Designing the operation of each system component

    • Database design: Designing system data structures

    Software Validation

    • Verification and validation (V&V) confirms that the system complies with its specifications and fulfills customer requirements
    • System testing: Executing the system with test cases derived from specifications
    • Testing is a commonly used Validation and verification (V&V) activity

    Testing Stages

    • Development or component testing
    • Individual components are tested independently
    • Components may be functions, objects, or coherent groupings of these entities.
    • System testing
    • Testing the system as a whole. Testing for emergent properties is particularly important
    • Customer acceptance testing
    • Testing with customer data to ensure the system meets customer needs

    Testing Phases in a Plan-driven Software Process

    • Requirements specification
    • System specification
    • System design
    • Component Design
    • Customer test plan
    • System integration test plan
    • Subsystem integration test plan
    • Customer test
    • System integration test
    • Subsystem integration test
    • Component code and test

    Software Evolution

    • Software is inherently modifiable
    • Changing business circumstances often require software alterations

    System Evolution

    • Defining system requirements
    • Assessing existing systems
    • Proposing system changes
    • Modifying systems

    Key Points

    • Software processes are activities involved in producing software systems.
    • Software process models are abstract representations of these processes.
    • General process models describe the organization of software processes.

    Key Points (continued)

    • Requirements engineering is the process of detailing the software specification
    • Design and implementation processes transform specifications into executable software
    • Software validation checks if the system functions as expected and meets users' needs
    • Software evolution involves modifying systems in reaction to new requirements

    Coping with Change

    • Change is inevitable in large software projects
    • Business changes, new technologies, and evolving platforms all contribute to change in software projects
    • Change involves rework, which requires both re-analysis and implementation of new functionality

    Reducing Costs of Rework

    • Change Avoidance: anticipates changes before substantial rework is needed
    • Example: A software prototype to demonstrate system features before development
    • Change Tolerance: Designs the process to allow for changes at low cost
    • Example: Incremental development where changes are implemented in increments that haven't been developed yet.

    Software Prototyping

    • A prototype is an initial version of a system used to demonstrate concepts and design options in the following areas:
    • Requirements elicitation and validation
    • Design explorations and UI development
    • Testing processes for back-to-back tests

    Benefits of Prototyping

    • Better system usability.
    • Closer match to users' real needs.
    • Improved design quality.
    • Improved maintainability.
    • Reduced development effort.

    The Process of Prototype Development

    Steps to developing a prototype

    • Establish prototype objectives
    • Define prototype functionality
    • Develop prototype
    • Evaluate prototype
    • Prototyping plan
    • Outline definition
    • Executable prototype
    • Evaluation report

    Prototype Development

    • Prototypes can be based on rapid prototyping languages/tools.
    • Prototypes can omit aspects of the project that are not well understood, such as error checking and recovery.

    Throw-away Prototypes

    • Prototypes should be discarded after development. They are not suitable for use in production.
    • Prototypes are often poorly documented and their structure usually degrades quickly with change.

    Incremental Delivery

    • Software is delivered in increments, each delivering part of the functionality
    • User requirements are prioritized with highest priority requirements included in early increments.
    • Requirements are frozen for each increment while future increments can evolve and add additional features.

    Incremental Development and Delivery

    • Develop the system in increments and evaluate before proceeding.
    • Normal practice in Agile methods
    • Evaluate with user/customer proxy.
    • Incremental delivery strategy
    • Deploy an increment for use by end-users
    • More realistic assessment of the completed incremental aspect of the system.
    • Replacing systems using incremental strategy is more complex; increments have less functionality than system being replaced

    Incremental Delivery Advantages

    • System functionality available earlier to the customer
    • Early increments act as prototypes, helping to elicit customer feedback and requirements for future increments
    • Lower risk of project failure
    • Highest priority system services receive the most testing

    Incremental Delivery Problems

    • Most systems need basic facilities used throughout the system.
    • Difficulty in defining common facilities needed by all increments.
    • Conflict with procurement models, where the entire system's specification is part of the development contract

    Software Process Definition and Management - Lecture 1

    • Introduction on Software Process Definition and Management.
    • Software Project Challenges
    • Information Needs
    • Working in a Team
    • Software Process Models and the Context
    • Context factors, including team experience, application domain, available budget, and non-functional quality requirements (reliability, accuracy, security, cost)
    • Selected Benefits of Process Models (transparency, complexity reduction, process measurement & improvement, predictability)
    • Process Modeling Terminology (software process modeling, terminology, influences, semantics)
    • Definition: Software Process (activities, enactment, real world, product transforms)
    • Definition: Project & Phase (endeavor, milestones, overlapping phases, process-phase)

    Software Process Definition and Management - Chapter 1

    • Quotes including a formalization of the definitions for process, project and phase.
    • Example of Process Models.
    • Elements of Process Models.
    • Definition: Process Step & Enactment (atomicity, performance).
    • Definition: Process Definition, Script & Program.
    • Example of a Process Script (examples).
    • Example of a Process Program (examples).
    • Definition: Process Schema (blocks, constraints).
    • How to Define a process (example sequence, approaches).
    • Definition: Process Performer, Owner, & Engineer.
    • Definition: Product and Product Model
    • Product Examples
    • Definition: Product Flow; Example Graphical Representation
    • Process Model with Product Flow & Roles; Examples with diagrams
    • Definition: The Role Concept (processes, responsibilities).
    • Conceptual model of a role (abstraction, simplification, competencies).
    • Definition: Project Plan

    Software Process Definition and Management - Chapter 2

    • Prescriptive vs. Descriptive Modeling
    • Introduction
    • Software Development Lifecycle Models & Methodologies
    • Lifecycle Models: Waterfall model (advantages, challenges)
    • Iterative Enhancement Model (advantages, challenges)
    • Lifecycle Models: Prototyping model (advantages, challenges)
    • Lifecycle Models: Spiral model (advantages, challenges
    • Rational Unified Process (RUP): Inception, Elaboration, Construction, and Transition, and Production phases (advantages, disadvantages
    • Agility in Software Development.
    • Agile methodologies
    • Extreme Programming (XP) (overview, advantages)
    • Scrum (overview, advantages, roles: Product Owner, Team, Scrum Master)

    Software Process Definition and Management - Chapter 3

    • Deviations Between Processes
    • Importance of Teaching Descriptive Modeling
    • Goals of Descriptive Process Modeling
    • Stable & Accurate Process Execution; Process Understanding; Process Propagation; Process Measurement
    • Process Administration
    • Process Automation
    • 8-Steps of Descriptive Process Modeling
    • State Objectives & Scope; Example of a Process Modeling goal
    • Select or Develop a Process Modeling Schema
    • Select (a set of) Process Modeling Formalisms
    • Select or Tailor Tools
    • Elicitation / Example: Interviews with developers and reviewers
    • Characteristics of Example Projects
    • Create the Process Model / Example Process Model for Module Review
    • Analyze the Process Model
    • Analyze the Process

    Process Modeling Notations and Tools

    • Criteria for Process Modeling Notations
    • Notations for Process Modeling
    • Tools for Software Process Modeling
    • Characteristics of Process Modeling Notations
    • Prescriptive versus Proscriptive
    • Single Person vs. Multiperson (Collaboration)
    • Requirements for Process Modeling Notations (R1-Natural Representation; R2-Support of Measurement; R3-Tailorability of Models,R4-Formality,R5-Understandability, R6-Executability, R7-Flexibility, R8-Traceability
    • Multi-view Process Modeling Language (MVP-L): Notation Constructs, Interface, Body,Instantiation, Enactment

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    Lectures-combined.pdf Software Processes PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on software process management and design. This quiz covers various aspects of process schemas, validation, and architectural design. Evaluate your understanding of V&V activities, testing stages, and team dynamics in software development.

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