CP317 | Week 7 | Metrics

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of software metrics in software engineering?

  • To strictly enforce coding standards across the development team.
  • To provide a basis for making decisions and improving software processes. (correct)
  • To limit the creativity of developers and ensure uniform software design.
  • To create documentation for legal compliance.

Which type of software metric focuses on evaluating the efficiency and performance of software development activities?

  • Defect metrics.
  • Process metrics. (correct)
  • Project metrics.
  • Product metrics.

What is the focus of product metrics?

  • The characteristics and quality of the software deliverables. (correct)
  • The efficiency of the development team.
  • The cost and schedule adherence of the project.
  • The number of lines of code written per developer.

Considering the objective, which type of software metric is most closely tied to monitoring the economical aspects and resource utilization?

<p>Project metrics. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of defect analysis in software quality improvement?

<p>To classify defects and identify ways to prevent future occurrences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In defect analysis, which aspect helps in determining the impact of a defect on the software product?

<p>Severity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ishikawa diagrams are mainly used to:

<p>Visualize cause-and-effect relationships to identify the root causes of problems. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of normalization in software metrics?

<p>Reducing measurements to a standard scale for comparison. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is normalization important when using software metrics?

<p>It enables comparison of metrics from different projects or systems. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does software complexity primarily describe?

<p>The extent of interrelation in the software code. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does cyclomatic complexity measure?

<p>The number of independent paths in a program's control flow graph. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of using cyclomatic complexity in software development?

<p>It helps in determining the minimum number of tests to ensure complete coverage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What elements are assessed within Function Point Analysis to quantify software functionality?

<p>Inputs, outputs, inquiries, internal files, and external files. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a Function Point (FP) primarily measure?

<p>The amount of business functionality a software provides to a user. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following metrics is most appropriate for measuring the size and complexity of a software product?

<p>Lines of Code (LOC). (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of using 'In-process Metrics' in software development?

<p>To monitor whether the development process is working as expected. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of software metrics, what does 'Effort' typically refer to?

<p>The amount of time and resources spent on a task. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of a software product does 'Usability' as a product metric primarily evaluate?

<p>The ease with which users can learn and use the software. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In defect analysis, what does identifying the 'root cause' of a defect aim to achieve?

<p>Prevent similar defects from occurring in the future. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which elements are considered when applying process metrics in software testing?

<p>Testing efficiency and defect status. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily determined by Project Metrics?

<p>Adherence to schedule and budget. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What information does an Ishikawa Diagram provide?

<p>A visual representation of the potential causes for a specific problem. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What benefit do stakeholders get from the 'Good visualization' feature of cause-and-effect diagrams?

<p>A simple format for understanding the cause of issues. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In software metrics, what does LOC per men (LOC/pm) measure?

<p>Lines of code written per person per month. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an interpretation of higher software complexity?

<p>More effort is required. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Cyclomatic Complexity, what do 'nodes' represent in a control flow graph?

<p>Sequential code statements. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of measuring 'external files' in Function Point Analysis?

<p>To determine how many files are used by other software/systems. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is the correct formula for calculating cyclomatic complexity?

<p>$V(G) = e - n + 2$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the formula V(G) = e - n + 2, what exactly does 'e' represent?

<p>The total number of edges. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the Function Point be calculated?

<p>Function point = inputs complexity + outputs complexity + inquiries complexity + internal files complexity + external files complexity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Software metric

Measurements of software characteristics that are measurable or countable.

Comparative study of design methodologies

A study of different ways to design software systems.

Software Process Metrics

Measurements use to assess and improve software development and maintenance.

Software Product Metrics

Measurements that describe the characteristics and quality of code.

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Project Metrics

Measurements to track project resources, costs, and productivity.

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In-process Metrics

Metrics to show if the development process is normal.

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Defect Analysis

Categorizing and understanding software defects to prevent future occurrences.

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Ishikawa Diagrams

Diagrams visually displaying the causes of a specific event or problem.

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Normalization in Software Metrics

Reducing measurements (Like LOC) to a comparable scale.

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Software Complexity

A technique to describe characteristics of the software code.

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Function Point

A unit to show how much software offers to users.

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Software Inputs

Data flowing into software affecting internal data.

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Software Outputs

Data exiting software.

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Software Inquiries

Software performing single query and responses.

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Internal files

Logic files used by the software.

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External files

The files that a software uses to maintain data.

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Process metrics

Process metrics are used to improve a process.

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Product metrics

Characteristics such as size, complexity and design feature.

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Project metrics

Describes the project characteristics and execution.

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Study Notes

Software Metrics

  • Software metrics measure software characteristics that are measurable or countable
  • The purpose of software metrics involves learning from the past and improving for the future
  • Software metrics measure performance, plan work items, measure productivity, and other uses
  • Common measurements include defect rate, lines of code, and complexity

Advantages of Software Metrics

  • It allows comparative study of design methodologies
  • It allows for comparing to evaluate team capabilities
  • Prepares software quality specifications
  • Provides insight into software code complexity
  • Provides feedback about progress and quality throughout development
  • Aids in decision-making for future software projects

Types of Software Metrics

  • Various types of metrics exist because software engineering is a process, software is a product, and software is built with projects

Product Metrics

  • These are used to indicate the quality of the product produced
  • Describes the characteristics of the product in terms of size, complexity, design features, performance, and quality level
  • Measurements include size (lines of code), complexity, performance, usability, and security

Process Metrics

  • Process metrics use standard measurements to assess and benchmark performance
  • Measurements include efficiency, productivity, error rate, and cost-effectiveness for software engineering processes.

Project Metrics

  • Project metrics describe project characteristics and execution, e.g., resources, cost, and productivity
  • Planned metrics are compared to actual metrics

Defect Analysis

  • Defect analysis is part of continuous quality improvement where defects are classified to identify possible causes
  • Identifying causes aims to prevent future problems
  • Defect analysis considers discoverer, severity, time created, and root causes

Defect Analysis - Timing and Economic Cost

  • Defects found in the earlier architectural and requirements phase are less costly to fix than those late in the SDLC or in production
  • Defects in requirements/architecture have the smallest relative cost to fix, defects in production/post-release have the highest

Ishikawa Diagrams

  • Ishikawa diagrams are causal diagrams by Kaoru Ishikawa that show causes of specific events and categorization of defects
  • It is referred to as cause-and-effect or fishbone diagrams

Advantages of Cause-and-Effect Diagrams

  • Advantages include highly visual brainstorming, quick identification for root causes, simultaneous viewing of causes, and good visualization for stakeholders.

Normalization in Software Metrics

  • Normalization is the process of reducing measurements to a standard scale
  • Normalization makes it possible to compare variables
  • Normalization can compare LOC per developer or Bugs per KLOC

Software Complexity

  • Software complexity describes specific characteristics of software code and its interactions
  • Aspects of Software complexity include Scale, diversity, connectivity, dynamics, and refinement
  • Characteristics of the software that are measured can include software lines of code, number of if statements of software, and the depth of software nesting
  • These metrics assess design and guide design choices
  • A higher complexity shows higher required effort resulting in a worse design
  • Complexity can be intra-modular(occurs inside one module), or inter-modular(occurs between modules)

Cyclomatic Complexity

  • Cyclomatic complexity was proposed by McCabe in 1976
  • The measures are based on decision-making constructs of control statements
  • The formula for cyclomatic complexity is V(G) = e - n + 2
  • ‘e’ is the total number of edges, and ‘n’ is the total number of nodes.

Function Point Metrics

  • Function point metrics were developed by Alan Albercht of IBM in 1979
  • A function point is a unit of measurement to express business functionality provided to a user
  • This measures functionality from the user's point of view, that is, basis of what the user requests
  • It measures software functionality based on logical design
  • These estimate inputs/outputs, inquiries, internal/external files, and their complexity and combines them for a Total Raw Function Point value.

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