Software Methodology

Software Methodology

• Question: Which software development methodology emphasizes iterative development and collaboration?

• Answer: Agile.

• Question: What is the main goal of the Waterfall methodology?

• Answer: Sequential and linear project execution.

• Question: What is a key characteristic of the Spiral model?

• Answer: Risk analysis and iterative development.

• Question: In Agile, what is a 'Sprint'?

• Answer: A short, time-boxed period when a team works to complete a set amount of work.

• Question: What is the purpose of a daily stand-up meeting in Scrum?

• Answer: To synchronize activities and create plans for the day.

• Question: Which manifesto outlines the values and principles of Agile methodologies?

• Answer: The Agile Manifesto.

• Question: What does 'MVP' stand for in the context of software development?

• Answer: Minimum Viable Product.

• Question: What is the primary focus of Extreme Programming (XP)?

• Answer: Producing high-quality code through practices like pair programming and test-driven development.

• Question: Which methodology uses Kanban boards for visualizing workflow and limiting work in progress?

• Answer: Kanban.

• Question: What is the role of a Scrum Master?

• Answer: To facilitate the Scrum process and remove impediments for the team.

• Question: What is a 'user story' in Agile?

• Answer: A brief description of a feature from an end-user perspective.

• Question: What is the purpose of a sprint review meeting?

• Answer: To demonstrate the work done during the sprint and gather feedback.

• Question: Which methodology focuses on eliminating waste and delivering value efficiently?

• Answer: Lean Development.

• Question: What is the difference between verification and validation?

• Answer: Verification checks if the software meets the specified requirements, while validation checks if the software meets the user's needs.

• Question: What is refactoring?

• Answer: Improving the internal structure of code without changing its external behavior.

• Question: What is continuous integration?

• Answer: A development practice where code changes are frequently integrated and tested.

• Question: What is a burn-down chart used for in Scrum?

• Answer: To track the remaining work in a sprint.

• Question: What is the focus of DevOps?

• Answer: Collaboration and automation to improve the software delivery process.

• Question: What is technical debt?

• Answer: The implied cost of rework caused by using an easy solution now instead of a better approach that would take longer.

• Question: What is the purpose of unit testing?

• Answer: To test individual components or units of code.

Python

• Question: What type of programming language is Python?

• Answer: Interpreted, high-level.

• Question: What is the purpose of the 'def' keyword in Python?

• Answer: To define a function.

• Question: How do you write a single-line comment in Python?

• Answer: Using the '#' symbol.

• Question: What is a Python list?

• Answer: An ordered, mutable collection of items.

• Question: What is the difference between a list and a tuple in Python?

• Answer: Lists are mutable; tuples are immutable.

• Question: How is a dictionary defined in Python?

• Answer: Using curly braces {} and key-value pairs.

• Question: What is a Python module?

• Answer: A file containing Python code that can be imported and used in other programs.

• Question: What is the purpose of 'import' statement in Python?

• Answer: To include code from another module.

• Question: What is a lambda function in Python?

• Answer: An anonymous, small function defined using the 'lambda' keyword.

• Question: How do you handle exceptions in Python?

• Answer: Using 'try' and 'except' blocks.

• Question: What is the use of 'finally' block in exception handling?

• Answer: It contains code that always executes, regardless of whether an exception occurred.

• Question: What is a Python decorator?

• Answer: A function that takes another function as an argument and extends its behavior.

• Question: What does __init__ method do in a Python class?

• Answer: It is the constructor for a class.

• Question: What is inheritance in Python?

• Answer: A mechanism where a class inherits properties and methods from another class.

• Question: What is polymorphism?

• Answer: The ability of an object to take on many forms.

• Question: How do you open a file in Python?

• Answer: Using the open() function.

• Question: What is the difference between 'r', 'w', and 'a' modes when opening a file?

• Answer: 'r' for read, 'w' for write (overwrites), 'a' for append.

• Question: What is the 'with' statement used for when working with files?

• Answer: To automatically close the file after the block is executed.

• Question: What is pip?

• Answer: A package installer for Python.

• Question: How do you install a package using pip?

• Answer: pip install <package_name>.

Data Presentation (Binary)

• Question: What is binary representation?

• Answer: A system using 0s and 1s to represent data.

• Question: What is a bit?

• Answer: A single binary digit (0 or 1).

• Question: What is a byte?

• Answer: A group of 8 bits.

• Question: How many different values can be represented with a single byte?

• Answer: 256 (2^8).

• Question: What is the binary equivalent of the decimal number 5?

• Answer: 101.

• Question: What is the decimal equivalent of the binary number 1101?

• Answer: 13.

• Question: What is the purpose of binary encoding schemes like ASCII and Unicode?

• Answer: To represent characters and symbols in binary form.

• Question: What is binary data used for?

• Answer: Storing and processing all types of digital information.

• Question: How are images represented in binary?

• Answer: As a grid of pixels where each pixel's color is represented by binary codes.

• Question: How is audio represented in binary?

• Answer: By sampling the sound wave and converting the amplitude values to binary numbers.

• Question: What is a hexadecimal representation?

• Answer: A base-16 number system often used as a shorthand for binary.

• Question: What is the relationship between binary and hexadecimal?

• Answer: Each hexadecimal digit represents 4 binary digits (bits).

• Question: Why is binary data important for computer systems?

• Answer: Because computers operate using electronic circuits that can only be in one of two states (on or off), represented by 0 and 1.

• Question: What is the process of converting decimal to binary?

• Answer: Repeatedly dividing the decimal number by 2 and noting the remainders.

• Question: What is the process of converting binary to decimal?

• Answer: Multiplying each digit by 2 raised to the power of its position (starting from the rightmost digit with power 0) and summing the results.

• Question: What is a signed binary number?

• Answer: A binary number that represents both positive and negative values.

• Question: What is two's complement?

• Answer: A way to represent signed integers in binary.

• Question: What is the most significant bit (MSB)?

• Answer: The leftmost bit in a binary number, carrying the highest weight.

• Question: What is the least significant bit (LSB)?

• Answer: The rightmost bit in a binary number, carrying the lowest weight.

• Question: What is binary arithmetic?

• Answer: Performing mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division using binary numbers.

Numbers

• Question: What is an integer?

• Answer: A whole number (positive, negative, or zero) without any decimal or fractional part.

• Question: What is a floating-point number?

• Answer: A number with a decimal point, used to represent real numbers.

• Question: What is a rational number?

• Answer: A number that can be expressed as a fraction p/q, where p and q are integers and q is not zero.

• Question: What is an irrational number?

• Answer: A number that cannot be expressed as a fraction (e.g., π, √2).

• Question: What is a complex number?

• Answer: A number that has a real part and an imaginary part (e.g., a + bi, where i is the imaginary unit).

• Question: What is the difference between an integer and a float?

• Answer: Integers are whole numbers, while floats can have decimal values and typically use more memory.

• Question: What is the base of the decimal number system?

• Answer: 10.

• Question: What is the base of the binary number system?

• Answer: 2.

• Question: What is the base of the hexadecimal number system?

• Answer: 16.

• Question: What is a prime number?

• Answer: A number greater than 1 that has no positive divisors other than 1 and itself.

• Question: What is a composite number?

• Answer: A number greater than 1 that has more than two divisors.

• Question: What is the modulo operator (%)?

• Answer: The operator that returns the remainder of a division.

• Question: What is the absolute value of a number?

• Answer: The distance of a number from zero on the number line, always non-negative.

• Question: What is an exponent?

• Answer: A number that indicates how many times to multiply a base number by itself.

• Question: What is a logarithm?

• Answer: The inverse operation of exponentiation, asking what exponent is needed to produce a certain number from a base.

• Question: What is factorial?

• Answer: The product of all positive integers less than or equal to a given number.

• Question: What is the Fibonacci sequence?

• Answer: A sequence of numbers where each number is the sum of the two preceding ones, usually starting with 0 and 1.

• Question: What is rounding?

• Answer: Approximating a number to a nearby value, typically to a specified number of decimal places.

• Question: What is truncation?

• Answer: Dropping digits after a certain point without rounding.

• Question: What is a percentage?

• Answer: A number or ratio expressed as a fraction of 100.

Basic Programming Constructs

• Question: What is a variable?

• Answer: A named storage location in a computer's memory used to hold a value.

• Question: What is a data type?

• Answer: A classification that specifies the type of value a variable can hold (e.g., integer, string, boolean).

• Question: What is an operator?

• Answer: A symbol that performs a specific operation on one or more operands (e.g., +, -, *, /).

• Question: What is an expression?

• Answer: A combination of variables, values, and operators that evaluates to a single value.

• Question: What is a statement?

• Answer: A single instruction in a programming language.

• Question: What is a sequence structure?

• Answer: A series of statements executed in the order they appear.

• Question: What is a selection structure?

• Answer: A control structure (e.g., if-else) that allows a program to choose between different execution paths based on a condition.

• Question: What is an if statement?

• Answer: A conditional statement that executes a block of code if a specified condition is true.

• Question: What is an else statement?

• Answer: A statement that provides an alternative block of code to execute if the condition in the 'if' statement is false.

• Question: What is a loop?

• Answer: A control structure that allows a block of code to be executed repeatedly.

• Question: What is a 'for' loop?

• Answer: A loop that iterates over a sequence of elements.

• Question: What is a 'while' loop?

• Answer: A loop that continues executing as long as a specified condition is true.

• Question: What is a function?

• Answer: A reusable block of code that performs a specific task.

• Question: What is a parameter?

• Answer: A value passed to a function when it is called.

• Question: What is an argument?

• Answer: The actual value that is passed to a function's parameter when the function is invoked.

• Question: What is recursion?

• Answer: A programming technique where a function calls itself.

• Question: What is an array?

• Answer: A collection of elements, all of the same data type, stored in contiguous memory locations.

• Question: What is a string?

• Answer: A sequence of characters.

• Question: What is a boolean?

• Answer: A data type that represents either true or false.

• Question: What is an algorithm?

• Answer: A step-by-step procedure for solving a problem.