Software Fundamentals and Components

Software Fundamentals

• Software is a collection of codes that perform specific tasks.
• Engineering is applying scientific knowledge to design, build, and improve processes.
• Software includes programs and documentation (manuals, procedures).
• Software is broader than a program, encompassing all supporting data and configuration for correct operation.

Software Components

• Programs are the core software applications that execute tasks.
• Software documentation explains how to operate, maintain, and use the software.
  • Manuals provide user guides.
  • Operating procedures outline the steps to run the software.
• System documentation describes software structure and architecture.

Software Categorization

• Application software helps users with specific tasks (word processing, image editing).
  • Examples: Microsoft Office, Adobe Photoshop.
• System software manages and controls hardware.
  • Examples: Operating systems (Windows, Linux), device drivers.
• Computer programming tools support software development and maintenance.
  • Examples: Antivirus, firewalls, compilers, linkers.

Software Classification by Type

• Customized (bespoke) software is designed for one client with specific requirements.
  • Example: Custom software for a library.
• Generic software is created for multiple users by a development organization and sold to customers.
  • Examples: Microsoft Word, Adobe software.

Software Attributes

• Maintainability ensures the software adapts to changes and future needs.
• Dependability involves reliable and trustworthy services.
  • Reliability means consistent and accurate functionality.
  • Security involves protection against unauthorized access and threats.
  • Safety prevents harm from system failures.
• Efficiency minimizes wasted effort during development.
• Market Availability describes the software's purchasing and use by everyone.
• Software must be understandable, usable, and compatible with existing systems.

Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC)

• Software development models define stages, sequences, and processes for software creation.
  • Waterfall model: A sequential approach with stages (analysis, design, development, testing).
  • Iterative Model: A repeated approach in which stages are done repeatedly.
  • Prototyping model: A customer-centric approach that involves creating a model of a product that works.
  • Spiral Model: A risk-driven process that combines elements of several models.
  • V-Shaped Model: A testing-driven approach that involves testing each stage backward.
  • Big Bang Model: A simple model implemented with little planning.
  • Agile Model: An iterative approach focusing on customer feedback.

Agile

• Agile Methodology is an approach that uses continuous cycles, collaboration, and flexibility.
• Iterative development with continuous improvement using customer feedback.
• Key Frameworks: Scrum, Kanban, XP, among others.

Software Requirements

• Software Requirements Specification (SRS) defines software purposes and environments.
• Types of Software Requirements include:
  • Functional Requirements: describe what the software does.
  • Non-functional Requirements: address quality attributes like performance and security.
• Collection methods: interviews, focus groups, workshops, questionnaires, observations etc.
• IDEF models are graphic models for functional, data, and dynamic software design.

Software Requirements Gathering

• Methods such as interviews, focus groups, questionnaires, and surveys to gather information for requirements.
• Formats: Natural language documents, graphic models (IDEFO, IDEF3, DFD, UML), and formal specifications (SRS).

This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of software, including its definition, components, and categorization. Learn about the differences between application software and system software, as well as the importance of software documentation. Test your knowledge of key software concepts and practices.