Software Fundamentals: Algorithms and Programs

• Southville International School and Colleges offers Software Fundamentals in Week 1

Algorithm

• An algorithm is a meticulously defined, step-by-step procedure or set of instructions designed to solve a specific problem or perform a specific task.

Algorithm Components

• Environment specifies the conditions and context in which the algorithm works, including the nature and source of input data, and expected output devices.
• Sequence refers to the precise, logical order in which the steps of an algorithm are executed to achieve a successful outcome.
• Precision requires that every step of the algorithm needs to be unambiguously defined, leaving no room for interpretation or error during execution.

Program

• A program is a structured collection of algorithms written in a programming language that instructs a computer to perform specific tasks.
• Programs operationalize theoretical problem-solving steps by converting abstract ideas into machine-executable instructions, effectively bridging human logic and computer processing.
• Code refers to instructions developed by programmers or coders using various programming languages.

Software

• Software is the comprehensive collection of programs, procedures, and routines that instruct a computer system on how to operate and perform tasks.
• Software forms the intangible yet critical layer between the user and the hardware, translating human intentions into machine-executable commands.
• Without software, even the most advanced hardware won't work; software brings functionality, interactivity, and intelligence to computer systems.

System Software

• System software is designed to manage and operate the hardware and core functions of a computer.
• Operating systems (e.g., Windows, MacOS, Linux), utility programs, language processors, and device drivers are examples of system software.

Application Software

• Application software consists of programs created to help users perform specific tasks, from business operations to creative pursuits.
• Word processors, spreadsheets, databases, and presentation software are examples of application software.

Basic Principles of Software

• Abstraction reduces complexity by focusing on the essential features of a system, enabling developers to manage large-scale systems effectively.
• Modularity divides software into distinct, interchangeable modules or components, each responsible for a specific functionality, simplifying development, testing, and maintenance.
• Maintainability involves designing software in a way that facilitates easy updates, bug fixes, and enhancements, ensuring longevity and adaptability over time.
• Reusability involves creating components that can be used in multiple systems or applications, reducing redundancy and improving efficiency in the development process.

Software Evolution

• Software evolution is the continuous process of developing, maintaining, and adapting software to meet changing user requirements, technological advancements, and evolving operating environments.
• Software is not static; it must be updated and refined over time to remain effective and relevant.

Laws of Software Evolution

• Software evolution has guiding principles like Lehman's Laws, that describe the inherent dynamics of software systems.

Guiding Principles

• Continuing change: Software must be continually adapted to remain useful in changing environments.
• Increasing complexity: As software evolves, its complexity tends to increase unless proactive measures are taken to manage it.
• Feedback systems: Software evolution is influenced by continuous feedback from users, developers, and system performance, which in turn shapes future modifications.