Software Engineering KAs and SCM Concepts

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Questions and Answers

What are the 10 knowledge areas (KAs) defined in the "Guide to the Software Engineering Body of Knowledge"?

The 10 knowledge areas (KAs) in the "Guide to the Software Engineering Body of Knowledge" are software requirements, software design, software construction, software testing, software maintenance, software configuration management, software engineering management, software engineering process, software engineering tools and methods, and software quality.

Explain the core purpose of software configuration management (SCM).

SCM aims to track and control changes made to software, ensuring that revisions are managed, baselines are established, and the consistency of software is maintained throughout its development and lifecycle.

Describe the relationship between software configuration management (SCM) and software quality assurance (SQA).

SCM and SQA are closely linked. SCM helps enhance the quality of software by ensuring that changes are properly documented, controlled, and audited, which supports the overall quality assurance process.

What is the fundamental question that SCM attempts to answer regarding software development?

<p>The question SCM seeks to answer is &quot;Somebody did something, how can one reproduce it?&quot;, essentially focusing on the ability to repeat a specific change or action in software development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does revision control contribute to software configuration management?

<p>Revision control, or version control, is a core component of SCM. It manages changes to files and code by tracking each revision, associating it with a timestamp and the person responsible, creating a clear history of modifications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of SCM, what is the significance of establishing baselines?

<p>Baselines in SCM refer to specific versions of the software that have been formally approved and serve as a point of reference for future development. They provide a stable foundation and ensure consistency during subsequent changes and releases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does software configuration management play in the software life cycle?

<p>SCM is an integral part of the software life cycle, supporting various stages, including project management, development, maintenance, assurance activities, and customer interactions. It ensures that the software development process is well-managed, controlled, and efficient, ultimately benefiting all stakeholders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain why the concepts of configuration management are applicable to both hardware and software.

<p>Configuration management principles are applicable to both hardware and software because they involve managing and controlling changes to components or systems. Whether it's tracking hardware revisions, managing software updates, or controlling configurations, the core idea of ensuring consistency, traceability, and reproducibility remains the same.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three key models that should be considered in the initial stages of a software development project?

<p>The three key models are a usage model, an initial domain model, and an initial user interface model.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of initial architecture modeling?

<p>The goal is to identify an architecture that has a high probability of success.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two key activities involved in the inner loop of test-driven development?

<p>The two activities are adding a test and writing code to pass it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of 'revision' within version control systems, and describe how revisions are managed.

<p>Revisions in version control systems represent different versions of a file or set of files over time. Each change made to a file results in a new revision. Revisions can be compared to identify changes, restored to an earlier state, and even merged to combine changes from different revisions, depending on file type.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four outer loops of Extreme Programming that are influenced by the test-driven development inner loop?

<p>The four outer loops are Continuous Integration, Daily Deployment, Frequent Releases, and Steering Software Projects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a 'commit' in version control?

<p>A commit in version control is the process of saving the changes made in a local working copy to the shared repository. It marks a specific point in time where the current state of the files is recorded.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the five steps of the test-driven development cycle.

<p>The steps are: 1. Add a test, 2. Run all tests and see if the new one fails, 3. Write some code, 4. Run the automated tests and see them succeed, and 5. Refactor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the situation that leads to a 'conflict' in version control and how it is typically addressed.

<p>A conflict occurs when multiple users make changes to the same file simultaneously, and the version control system cannot automatically merge their changes. Conflicts usually require manual intervention to resolve the discrepancies, such as deciding which changes to keep or merging them manually.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of refactoring in the test-driven development cycle?

<p>Refactoring aims to improve the code's structure, readability, and maintainability without altering its functionality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a 'tag' in version control, and what is its purpose?

<p>A tag in version control is a marker placed on a specific revision or a set of revisions. It is used to mark important snapshots or milestones in the project's history, like releases or feature completions. Tags provide easily identifiable points in time for referencing a specific state of the project.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe how a 'branch' is created and its significance in version control workflows.

<p>A branch in version control creates a separate copy of the current file or set of files, allowing development to proceed independently from the main line of development called the 'trunk'. This allows for parallel development, experimentation with new features, or bug fixing without affecting the main version. When the branch work is complete, it can be merged back into the main trunk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two levels at which software engineering can be examined?

<p>The first level encompasses the technical and managerial activities within the software life cycle processes. The second is the meta-level, which is concerned with the definition, implementation, assessment, measurement, management, change, and improvement of the software life cycle processes themselves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of software engineering tools?

<p>They are intended to assist the software life cycle processes, automate repetitive tasks, and reduce cognitive load, making software engineering more systematic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Briefly describe the main goal of software engineering methods.

<p>Methods impose structure on software engineering activities, aiming to make it systematic and successful by providing notation, procedures for tasks, and guidelines for process and product checks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List at least three disciplines, other than software engineering, that contribute to the field.

<p>Computer engineering, computer science, and management are just a few examples.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of computer engineering, as defined by the Computing Curricula 2001 project?

<p>Computer engineering encompasses the science and technology of designing, constructing, implementing, and maintaining software and hardware components of modern computing systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the definition of ergonomics, as described by ISO Technical Committee 159.

<p>Ergonomics is the scientific discipline concerned with understanding human interactions within a system, and uses theories, principles, data, and methods to optimize human well-being and system performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some common examples of software engineering tools?

<p>Editors, compilers, interpreters, debuggers, QA Center Performance, QuickTest Professional (QTP), WebLoad Analyzer, Unified TestPro, and IBM Rational Tester are all examples.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the basic idea behind Model Driven Development (MDD)?

<p>MDD is a paradigm for writing and implementing computer programs quickly, effectively, and at minimal cost by creating extensive models before writing source code.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the main purpose of the Model Driven Architecture (MDA) standard.

<p>MDA is a software design approach for the development of software systems, aiming to facilitate efficient and standardized creation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a 'Trunk' in a version control system?

<p>It is the unique line of development that is not a branch.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an 'Update' operation achieve in a version control system?

<p>It merges changes from the repository into the local working copy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a 'Working Copy' within a version control system?

<p>It is the local copy of files from a repository.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain what 'Software Engineering' entails according to IEEE610.12-90.

<p>It refers to the application of management activities such as planning, coordinating, measuring, monitoring, controlling, and reporting, to ensure that the development and maintenance of software is systematic, disciplined, and quantified.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it often challenging to balance creativity and discipline in software engineering?

<p>Software development requires a blend of both, and maintaining this balance while managing client expectations and rapid technological change can be difficult.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name at least two key aspects that make software engineering a complex field compared to traditional engineering disciplines.

<p>Software systems are often subject to evolving client requirements and rapid changes in technology, adding complexity compared to traditional engineering domains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one difficulty associated with using Test Driven Development?

<p>It is difficult to use in situations where complete functional tests are required to determine success or failure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe one scenario where a Domain Specific Language might be beneficial.

<p>Creating a Domain-Specific Language can be worthwhile if it allows specific types of problems or solutions to those problems to be expressed more clearly than pre-existing general purpose languages, and the type of problem in question appears often.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give one example of a commonly used Domain Specific Language and its application.

<p>SQL is a commonly used DSL for relational database queries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one example of a tool used for visually representing Domain Specific Languages?

<p>The text describes different tools used in the design and implementation of DSLs including visual diagramming languages and programmatic abstractions. The question asks for a single example of a tool used for visually representing DSLs, and the answer should refer to the specific examples mentioned in the text.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two advantages of using Domain Specific Languages?

<p>Two advantages of Domain Specific Languages are that domain experts can understand, validate, modify, and develop programs and that the code is self-documenting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give one example of a general-purpose programming language mentioned in the text.

<p>C or Java are examples of general-purpose programming languages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of Test Driven Development?

<p>Test Driven Development promotes focusing on the task at hand by making the first goal to make a test pass.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one type of tool used for generating parsers and code generators for Domain Specific Languages?

<p>Metacompilers are used for generating parsers and code generators for Domain Specific Languages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the acronym SCM stand for, and how does it relate to the content discussed?

<p>SCM stands for Software Configuration Management and it is discussed as a tool related to Revision Control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are three of the challenges associated with using Domain-Specific Languages (DSLs)?

<p>The challenges of using DSLs include: <strong>limited applicability</strong>, <strong>high cost of design, implementation, and maintenance</strong>, and the <strong>difficulty of balancing domain-specificity with general-purpose programming language constructs</strong>.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of EMF (Eclipse Modeling Framework)?

<p>EMF facilitates the creation of tools and applications based on structured models. It provides a Java framework and code-generation facility, enabling developers to manage model instances efficiently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kinds of source code can EMF generate?

<p>EMF can generate Java source code from XML schemas, UML class diagrams (using tools like Rational Rose), and annotated Java interfaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the generated code in EMF?

<p>The generated code enables developers to perform operations on model instances, such as creation, querying, updating, serialization, deserialization, validation, and change tracking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can EMF help improve software development?

<p>EMF streamlines model-based development by simplifying the creation and management of models. It promotes code reusability and enhances the efficiency of working with complex data structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the "Book" model mentioned in the document?

<p>The &quot;Book&quot; model represents a basic data structure for storing information about books, including attributes like title, pages, and category.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three versions of Eclipse mentioned as being compatible with EMF?

<p>Eclipse 3.7 (Indigo), Eclipse 4.5 (Mars), and Eclipse 4.6 (Eclipse Neon) are the versions of Eclipse listed as compatible with EMF.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is creating a model using EMF useful in software development projects?

<p>Creating a model allows developers to define the structure and relationships of data within a project. This clear representation facilitates communication and collaboration among team members, ensuring alignment with the project's goals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the suggested application of EMF within a software development project?

<p>The suggested application involves creating a model with 2-3 classes relating to the project, generating the editor, and integrating this model into a new project component.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the advantages of using model-driven development with EMF?

<p>Model-driven development with EMF offers several advantages, including improved productivity, reduced maintenance costs, and enhanced code quality. It promotes a more structured and automated approach to software development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Revision

A specific version of a set of files after changes.

Commit (checkin)

The action of saving changes to a repository.

Merge

Combining two sets of changes into one file.

Conflict

Occurs when simultaneous changes are made to the same document.

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Tag

An important snapshot in time across multiple files.

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Software Engineering Knowledge Areas

Ten defined areas of knowledge in software engineering.

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Software Configuration Management (SCM)

The task of tracking and controlling changes in software.

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Revision Control

Management of changes to documents, programs, etc.

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Revision Number

A code used to identify changes in software.

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Configuration Management Process

Includes management, identification, control, and auditing.

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Software Quality Assurance (SQA)

Activity ensuring quality in software products.

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Baseline in SCM

A fixed point of reference for software changes.

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Software Release Management

Process involving the delivery of software versions.

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Usage Model

Describes how users will interact with the system.

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Domain Model

Identifies key business entities and their relationships.

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Initial Architecture Modeling

Process of selecting a promising architecture for the system.

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Test Driven Development

A coding approach that starts with writing tests.

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Extreme Programming Inner Loop

Cycle of testing and coding to support rapid development.

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Test Driven Development (TDD)

A software development approach where tests are written before code to ensure functionality.

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Domain Specific Language (DSL)

A programming language tailored for a specific problem domain or task.

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Benefits of TDD

Leads to more productivity, shorter implementation time, and flexible modularized code.

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Vulnerabilities of TDD

Can create a false sense of security with passing unit tests, and not suitable for full functional tests.

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Model Driven Development (MDD)

Development approach focusing on creating models that represent systems or solutions.

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Eclipse Modeling Framework

A framework used to build domain-specific modeling languages or tools.

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Regular Expressions

Patterns used to match character combinations in strings, often used for validation.

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LINQ

A group of language extensions in .NET for querying data in a more readable way.

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YACC

A tool used to generate parsers based on specified grammar rules.

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Metacompilers

Tools that generate parsers and code generators for domain-specific languages.

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EMF

Eclipse Modeling Framework, a Java framework for structured models.

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MOF

Meta Object Facility, a specification by OMG for model structures.

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Code Generation

EMF generates Java code for creating and managing models.

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Reflective API

Allows interaction with dynamic, non-generated models in EMF.

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XML Schema

A way to define structure for XML data that EMF can use.

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UML Diagrams

Unified Modeling Language diagrams, visual representation for models.

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Model Classes

Classes in EMF used to define the attributes and behaviors of a model.

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Dynamic Models

Models that can change or adapt during runtime in EMF.

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Eclipse Updates

New features and bug fixes for Eclipse and its tools.

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Model Usage

Application of EMF models in project components.

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Trunk

The unique line of development in version control that is not a branch.

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Update

Merges changes from a repository into the local working copy.

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Working Copy

A local copy of files from a repository used for development.

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Software Engineering Process

Management activities to ensure systematic software development and maintenance.

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Iterative Process

A method of software development where cycles of development occur repeatedly.

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Tools in Software Engineering

Applications that assist in the software life cycle to automate well-defined actions.

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Computer Engineering

The design, construction, implementation, and maintenance of software and hardware components.

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Human-Computer Interaction

The study of how people interact with computers and to improve that interaction.

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Quality Management

Processes to ensure that software meets defined quality standards.

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Software Lifecycle

The stages a software product goes through from conception to retirement.

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Agile Methodology

A flexible and iterative approach to software development emphasizing collaboration.

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Debuggers

Tools used by developers to test and debug software.

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Algorithms and Complexity

Study of algorithms, their efficiency, and the problems they can solve.

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Study Notes

Course Information

  • Course Title: Advanced Software Engineering Techniques
  • Course Number: 2
  • Date: October 14, 2024
  • Instructor: Adrian Iftene
  • Email: [email protected]

Content

  • Software Engineering Books
    • GOF (Gang of Four) - Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software by Erich Gamma, Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson, John Vissides
    • GRASP - Applying UML and Patterns - An Introduction to Object-Oriented Analysis and Design and Iterative Development by Craig Larman
  • Swebok
    • Software Engineering Body of Knowledge, 2004, by Alain Abran, James W. Moore
  • Software engineering tools and methods
  • Software Engineering Tools - Examples
  • Model Driven Development
    • Model Driven Architecture (MDA)
    • Agile MDD
  • Test Driven Development
  • Domain Specific Language
  • Eclipse Modeling Framework

Software Configuration Management (SCM)

  • SCM - the task of tracking and controlling changes in software
    • Revision control
    • Establishment of baselines
  • Definition
    • SCM is a supporting software life cycle process (IEEE12207.0–96) that benefits project management, development, maintenance, assurance, and the customers and users of the end product
    • The concepts of configuration management apply to both hardware and software
    • SCM is closely related to software quality assurance (SQA)
  • Activities
    • Management and planning of the SCM process
    • Software configuration identification
    • Software configuration control
    • Software configuration status accounting
    • Software configuration auditing
    • Software release management and delivery
  • Revision Control (1)
    • Also known as version control or source control
    • The management of changes to documents, programs, and computer files
    • Changes are often identified by a number or letter code (revision number, revision level, or revision)
  • Revision Control (2)
    • Each revision is associated with a timestamp and the person making the change
    • Revisions can be compared, restored, and merged in some cases
  • Version Control Systems
    • Stand-alone applications (Microsoft Word, OpenOffice, etc.)
    • Content management systems (Drupal, Joomla, WordPress)
    • Wiki software packages (MediaWiki, DokuWiki, TWiki) allow reverting to previous revisions to correct errors and fight vandalism
  • Vocabulary (1)
    • Branch - a copy of files that can develop independently
    • Change/patch - a specific modification to a document
    • Change list - the set of changes made in a commit
    • Checkout - creates a local working copy from the repository
  • Vocabulary (2)
    • Commit (checkin) - writing or merging changes to the repository
    • Conflict - occurs when different parties make changes to the same document and the system can't reconcile them
    • Merge - applying changes to a file or set of files
  • Vocabulary (3)
    • Tag - an important snapshot in time consistent across files (user-friendly name or revision number)
    • Trunk - the main development line
    • Update - merging changes from repository to the local working copy
    • Working copy - the local copy of files from the repository
  • Eclipse (1) and (2)
  • Examples of using Eclipse for development and SCM functions

Model Driven Development (MDD)

  • Paradigm for quickly writing and implementing computer programs
  • Extensive models are created before source code is written
  • Object Management Group's (OMG) Model Driven Architecture (MDA) standard
  • Includes a use case model, domain model, and UI/usability model
  • Models are expressed using domain-specific languages (DSLs)

Model Driven Architecture (MDA)

  • Software design approach for developing software systems
  • Provides guidelines for structuring specifications (expressed as models)
  • A type of domain engineering that supports model-driven engineering for software systems
  • Launched by the Object Management Group (OMG) in 2001
  • Defines system functionality utilizing a platform-independent model (PIM).
  • The PIM is expressed using a domain-specific language (DSL).
  • Code is generated by transforming the PIM model into a platform-specific model (PSM)

MDA Tools

  • Creation tool - eliciting initial models
  • Analysis tool - checking models for completeness and inconsistencies
  • Transformation tool - transforming models to a desired format
  • Composition tool - combining multiple source models
  • Test tool - for testing models
  • Simulation tool - for simulating system execution
  • Metadata management tool - for handling general relations between different models
  • Reverse engineering tool - transforming older models into modern ones

CA Gen

  • Model-driven environment that accelerates delivery and maintenance
  • Supports various platforms (z/OS, UNIX, Linux, Windows, .NET and J2EE)

Agile Model Driven Development (AMDD)

  • Agile version of Model-Driven Development (MDD)
  • Creates agile models to drive overall development efforts rather than extensive models
  • Critical for scaling agile software development beyond small, co-located teams

Test Driven Development (TDD)

  • Alternates between code and tests: Write a test, make it fail, code to pass the test. Remove duplication.
  • Enables Extreme Programming practices.
  • TDD is part of the agile development process which usually also includes continuous integration, daily deployment, and frequent release and steering software projects

Domain Specific Language (DSL)

  • Specialized programming language for a specific problem or domain.
  • Examples include spreadsheet formulas and macros, SQL database queries, LINQ language extensions, YACC grammars for parsers, and regular expressions for specifying lexers, among others.
  • Useful if the language expresses problems clearly compared to pre-existing languages, where the problem type reappears often

Eclipse Modeling Framework (EMF)

  • Java open-source framework for model-driven development and code generation.
  • Implementation of the OMG Meta-Object Facility
  • Provides reflective API to work with dynamic models without the limitations of generation
  • Code generation from XML Schema, UML models (Rational Rose or UML2), and annotated Java interfaces

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