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Questions and Answers
What is the main focus of Scrum methodology?
What is the duration of a typical sprint cycle in Scrum?
During which phase does the team establish general objectives and design the software architecture?
What is the formula for calculating team capacity in Scrum?
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Why is team capacity ideally determined after the 3rd or 4th sprint cycle?
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What does the focus factor in Scrum represent?
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Given a focus factor formula of FF = 30 ÷ (5 x 8), what is the outcome?
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Which of the following is NOT part of the Scrum phases?
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What is the effective team capacity for the next sprint, based on the given focus factory and duration?
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In which software process model is customer involvement rated as 'high'?
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What type of project size is best suited for the Agile software process model?
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Which of the following documentation types is specifically related to software requirements?
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Which software process model has the highest technical risk?
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What is the primary focus of Software Configuration Management (SCM)?
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Which type of requirements is rated as 'low' in the Waterfall model?
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What does Software Quality Assurance (SQA) primarily focus on?
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What is the main purpose of a user story in development?
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Which statement correctly describes a limitation of plan-driven development?
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Which of the following is NOT a concern addressed by agile development?
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What is a common reason programmers may take shortcuts in writing tests?
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What might a developer aim to achieve with a graphical hierarchy model according to user stories?
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Which factor is more aligned with plan-driven development rather than agile?
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What distinguishes agile project management from traditional project management?
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Which of the following development environments is most likely to require a lot of analysis before implementation?
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Which scenario best reflects the agile approach to project changes?
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What is one characteristic of a user story regarding its estimation?
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What is a key characteristic of agile methodology?
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Which of the following is a constraint that influences the choice of software process model?
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What is one drawback of agile methodologies?
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In agile methodology, the development cycle typically consists of:
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What is a significant benefit of using agile methodologies for small- to medium-sized products?
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Which aspect is often combined in modern software development methodologies?
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One of the following is NOT considered part of Agile methodology principles?
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What challenge may arise with broad stakeholder involvement in agile projects?
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What is the primary purpose of the Requirements Analysis phase in Requirements Engineering?
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Which diagram is NOT typically included in the Component Design section of a Software Design Document?
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In the context of Software Quality Attributes, which of the following is a non-functional requirement?
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What is included in the User Interface Requirements section of the Software Design Document?
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Which aspect does the Operating Environment section of the System Overview specifically outline?
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Study Notes
Reasons for Incomplete Tests
- Programmers may take shortcuts when writing tests.
- Tests may not cover all variations or provide complete coverage.
- Some tests cannot be written incrementally.
User Stories
- User stories define functionality from a user's perspective.
- Each user story includes the user role, their goal, and the reason behind the functionality.
- User stories often have an estimated point value.
Example User Stories
- As a user, I want a warning before updating or deleting a record to avoid dependency problems.
- As a developer, I need an automatically updated graphical hierarchy model of developed components to better understand component dependencies.
Plan-Driven vs. Agile Development
- Plan-Driven Development focuses on detailed specifications and design before implementation.
- Agile Development prioritizes delivering software to customers and getting feedback.
- Plan-Driven Development is well-suited for large, complex systems that require a lot of analysis before implementation.
- Agile Development is ideal for projects that need rapid delivery, evolving technologies, or distributed teams.
Agile Project Management: Scrum
- Scrum focuses on iterative development within an agile approach.
- Three phases:
- Initial phase: establishes project objectives and software architecture.
- Sprint cycles (2-4 weeks): each cycle increments the system with selected features.
- Closure phase: wraps up the project and documents results.
Scrum: Sprint Planning
- Sprint planning establishes the team's capacity for the upcoming sprint.
- Each team member determines their capacity based on individual strengths and productivity.
- Team capacity is calculated as members count x productive days.
- Ideally, team capacity is determined after 3-4 sprint cycles when actual performance data is available.
Focus Factor in Scrum
- The focus factor measures the team's ability to focus on sprint goals.
- Sprint velocity is calculated as the average completed story points over the past 3-5 sprint cycles.
- The focus factor is calculated by dividing the sprint velocity by the team capacity.
- An ideal focus factor range is 0.6 to 0.8.
Example Calculation of Focus Factor and Team Capacity
- Assume a team of 5 members working 8 hours per day with an average sprint story point of 30.
- Focus Factor = 30 ÷ (5 x 8) = 0.75
- Effective Team Capacity (for 3-week sprint) = 0.75 x (5 x 8 x 15) = 450 hours
- This calculation estimates the team effort available for the next sprint.
Example Product Backlog
- A product backlog is a prioritized list of features for a project.
Example Sprint Backlog
- A sprint backlog is a subset of items from the product backlog that the team will work on during a specific sprint.
Summary Software Process Models
- The choice of process model depends on factors such as requirements volatility, project size, customer involvement, technical risk, and desired release schedule.
Comparing Software Process Models
| Model | Requirements Volatility | Project Size | Customer Involvement | Technical Risk | Release Schedule |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Waterfall | Low | Large | Low | Low | Long |
| Incremental Development | Medium | Medium | Medium | High | Medium |
| Reuse-oriented development | Low | Any | Low | Medium | Short |
| Agile | High | Small | High | High | Very Short |
IEEE Documentations
- Each phase of software engineering has a corresponding set of documentation.
- Key documents include:
- Software Project Management (SPM)
- Software Configuration Management (SCM)
- Software Requirements Specification (SRS)
- Software Design Description (SDD)
- Software Quality Assurance (SQA)
- Software Verification and Validation (V&V)
- Software Test Documentation (STD)
- Software Reviews and Audit (SRA)
- Software User Documentation (SUD)
SRS – Software Requirements Specification
- An SRS document defines the requirements of a software system.
- Sections of an SRS document include:
- Introduction (purpose, scope, references, structure).
- Non-functional Requirements (performance, safety, etc.)
- System Overview (product perspective, features, user roles, operating environment, constraints, assumptions, dependencies).
- Requirements Engineering (elicitation, analysis, validation).
- Functional Requirements (detailed descriptions of individual requirements).
- External Interface Requirements (user interface, hardware, software, communication interfaces).
SDD – Software Design Document
- An SDD document details the design of a software system.
- Sections of the document include:
- Introduction (purpose, scope, references, structure).
- System Overview (overall design approach).
- Architecture Design (architectural description, decomposition, design rationale).
- Data Design (database description, data structures, data flow diagrams).
- Component Design (class diagrams, state diagrams, activity diagrams, sequence diagrams).
- Human Interface Design (overview and detailed design of user interfaces).
Software Process Models in Practice
- Organisations combine aspects of different process models to fit their specific project needs.
- Factors influencing process model choice include:
- Contractual or regulatory requirements.
- Team experience and familiarity with the model.
- Models used in related projects.
Rapid Methodology and Overhead Problems
- Rapid development often leads to unstable software due to fast-changing requirements.
- Specifications, designs, and implementations are intertwined.
- Systems are developed in iterations.
- User interfaces can be quickly changed using tools and IDEs.
- Plan-driven approaches can create overheads in software processes and documentation.
Agile Methodology
- Focuses on code rather than elaborate designs or documentation.
- Delivers small releases to clients in short iterations (2-3 weeks).
- Iterative approach where software evolves quickly.
- Suitable for small-to-medium-sized products with committed customers.
Principles of Agile Methodology
- Primarily focused on individuals and interactions.
- Working software is the primary measure of progress.
- Welcome changing requirements, even late in development.
- Close collaboration between developers and business customers.
- Maintain a sustainable pace for development.
- Regular reflection on how to be more effective.
Agile Methodology Drawbacks
- Maintaining customer interest can be challenging.
- Team members may not adapt to the intensive involvement.
- Onboarding new team members may require extensive documentation.
- Managing priority changes with multiple stakeholders can be complex.
- Maintaining simplicity requires additional effort.
Agile Method: Extreme Programming
- An extreme approach to iterative development.
- Emphasizes coding, testing, customer involvement, pair programming, and short iterations.
- Aims to minimize risk and increase efficiency.
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Description
This quiz covers essential concepts in software development, including reasons for incomplete tests, the importance of user stories, and the differences between plan-driven and agile methodologies. It helps understand how to improve testing practices and user-centered development.
