Software Development Models and Reusability
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What is the primary purpose of process measurement in software processes?

  • To establish process standards for all organizations
  • To eliminate all errors in software development
  • To reduce the need for process analysis
  • To form a baseline for assessing process improvement effectiveness (correct)

    • What does process analysis primarily focus on?

  • Implementing software solutions without assessments
  • Reducing the number of team members on a project
  • Identifying process weaknesses and bottlenecks (correct)
  • Increasing the complexity of process models

    • Which of the following is NOT a step in the process improvement cycle?

  • Process measurement
  • Process definition (correct)
  • Process analysis
  • Process change

    • What type of data should be collected wherever possible in process measurement?

    <p>Quantitative process data (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor should primarily drive process improvements?

    <p>Organizational objectives (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one major drawback of incorporating further software changes without refactoring?

    <p>It corrupts the system's structure over time. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process stage is concerned with adjusting and integrating software components?

    <p>Component adaptation and integration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary advantage of reuse-oriented software engineering?

    <p>It reduces costs and risks associated with building software from scratch. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reusable software consists of configurations tailored for specific environments?

    <p>Stand-alone application systems (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of using reused software elements?

    <p>Inevitability of requirements compromises. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it expensive to implement further software changes in a system that has not been refactored?

    <p>Due to the deteriorating structure of the software. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first stage in the key process stages of reuse-oriented software engineering?

    <p>Requirements specification (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term COTS refer to in the context of software reuse?

    <p>Commercial-off-the-shelf systems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of verification and validation (V & V)?

    <p>To demonstrate that a system complies with its specifications and meets customer requirements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes system testing?

    <p>It assesses the overall functionality of the system with real data (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does component testing primarily involve?

    <p>Evaluating individual functions or objects independently (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does software evolution relate to changing business requirements?

    <p>Software needs to evolve to keep up with changing business requirements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key challenge posed by change in large software projects?

    <p>Changes lead to additional rework and increased costs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of testing is described as using customer data to verify that a system meets their needs?

    <p>Customer testing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following activities is the most common V & V activity?

    <p>System testing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it increasingly irrelevant to differentiate between development and evolution in software?

    <p>Software is flexible and frequently requires changes due to evolving requirements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characterized by uncontrolled processes in the SEI capability maturity model?

    <p>Initial (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which maturity level in the SEI model involves defining quality management strategies?

    <p>Managed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of requirements engineering in software processes?

    <p>To develop a software specification (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a general model of software processes?

    <p>V-shaped model (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of software validation in the software process?

    <p>Checking specification conformity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach to process improvement emphasizes reducing process overheads?

    <p>Agile approaches (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key activity involved in software evolution?

    <p>Implementing new features (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which maturity level does process management become explicitly defined?

    <p>Defined (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of change anticipation in software processes?

    <p>To anticipate possible changes before significant rework is required (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does incremental delivery aid in managing changing requirements?

    <p>By allowing system increments to be delivered for feedback and experimentation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary benefits of using a prototype in the requirements engineering process?

    <p>It helps with requirements elicitation and validation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of employing change tolerance within the software development process?

    <p>To design processes that accommodate changes at low cost (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the role of system prototyping?

    <p>It develops a version of the system to check requirements and feasibility (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a benefit of prototyping?

    <p>Guaranteed satisfaction of all user needs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the prototyping approach in software design?

    <p>Exploring options and developing user interface designs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach supports both change avoidance and change tolerance?

    <p>Incremental delivery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Software Development Models

    • Incremental Development: Allows for quick delivery of working systems.
    • Reuse-Oriented Development: Systems are built from existing components.
    • Integration and Configuration: Based on software reuse, systems are built by integrating existing components.
    • Commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS): Refers to pre-made software applications that can be purchased and used.

    Types of Reusable Software

    • Stand-alone application systems (often COTS): Configured for specific environments.
    • Object collections packaged for integration: Developed with frameworks like .NET or J2EE.
    • Web services: Designed according to service standards, available for remote invocation.

    Reuse-Oriented Software Engineering Key Stages

    • Requirements Specification: Defines the system needs.
    • Software Discovery and Evaluation: Identifies suitable reusable components.
    • Requirements Refinement: Adapts requirements to the available components.
    • Application System Configuration: Sets up the system based on chosen components.
    • Component Adaptation and Integration: Modifies and combines components as needed.

    Advantages & Disadvantages of Reuse

    • Advantages: Reduced cost and risks of development, faster delivery.
    • Disadvantages: Inflexible requirements due to limitations of reused components, loss of control over the evolution of reused system elements.

    Software Validation

    • Verification and validation (V&V): Ensures the system meets its specifications.
    • System testing: Executes the system using real data to confirm functionality.

    Stages of Testing

    • Component Testing: Independently testing individual components (functions, objects, or groups).
    • System Testing: Testing the entire system, focusing on integrated functionality.
    • Customer Testing: Using real customer data to ensure the system meets their needs.

    Software Evolution

    • Software is inherently flexible and changes: Requirements evolve, necessitating software updates.
    • The line between development and maintenance is blurring: More systems are built on top of existing software.

    Change Impacts

    • Change is inevitable in software projects: Due to business needs, technological advancements, and platform updates.
    • Change costs include rework and new functionality implementation: Reanalyzing requirements adds to the cost.

    Methods to Reduce Rework Costs

    • Change anticipation: Planning for potential changes early on to minimize rework.
    • Change tolerance: Designing the process to accommodate changes easily and cheaply.

    Managing Changing Requirements

    • System prototyping: Creating a basic version to test customer requirements and design choices.
    • Incremental delivery: Delivering parts of the system for feedback and experimentation.

    Benefits of Prototyping

    • Improved system usability.
    • Better alignment with users' needs.
    • Enhanced design quality.
    • Easier maintenance.
    • Reduced development effort.

    Process Improvement Cycle

    • Process measurement: Collecting data to establish a baseline for comparison.
    • Process analysis: Evaluating the existing process to identify weaknesses and bottlenecks.
    • Process change: Implementing changes based on analysis to improve process efficiency.

    Process Measurement & Metrics

    • Quantitative data is preferred: Measuring attributes of the process or product.
    • Metrics should be used to assess improvements: The goal of improvement is to optimize organizational objectives.
    • Common metrics: Time taken for activities, resources used, and the number of events (e.g., defects found).

    SEI Capability Maturity Model

    • Initial: Uncontrolled process.
    • Repeatable: Defined procedures for product management are established and followed.
    • Defined: Defined procedures and strategies for managing the process itself.
    • Managed: Strategically defined quality management strategies are implemented.
    • Optimizing: Process improvement strategies are defined and used to continuously refine the process.

    Key Points: Software Processes

    • Activities involved in creating software: Processes are defined by how these activities are organized.
    • General Process Models: Frameworks like waterfall, incremental development, and reuse-oriented development.
    • Requirements Engineering: Defines the system's specifications.
    • Design & Implementation: Converting requirements into executable software.
    • Software validation: Ensuring the system meets its specification and user needs.
    • Software Evolution: Adapting software to changing requirements.
    • Coping with Change: Prototyping and incremental delivery help manage change.
    • Iterative Development: Allows for changes without disrupting the entire system.
    • Process Improvement: Agile approaches focus on reducing overhead, while maturity-based approaches emphasize better management and practice.
    • SEI Capability Maturity Model: Defines maturity levels based on good software engineering practices.

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    Description

    This quiz explores key software development models, including incremental and reuse-oriented development. It also covers types of reusable software and critical stages in reuse-oriented software engineering. Test your understanding of these essential concepts in software development.

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