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Questions and Answers
In the typical software development life cycle, which phase focuses on understanding the user's needs and defining the project's goals?
In the typical software development life cycle, which phase focuses on understanding the user's needs and defining the project's goals?
- Analysis (correct)
- Testing
- Design
- Implementation
Which software development model emphasizes customer interaction primarily at the beginning and end of the project?
Which software development model emphasizes customer interaction primarily at the beginning and end of the project?
- Iterative Model
- Agile Model
- Waterfall Model with White Box Processes
- Waterfall Model with Black Box Processes (correct)
In an iterative software development model, what is the main purpose of the 'Evaluation' stage?
In an iterative software development model, what is the main purpose of the 'Evaluation' stage?
- To plan the next iteration
- To get feedback from the end-user. (correct)
- To perform system testing
- To write the code for the system
Which of the following characterizes a non-functional requirement?
Which of the following characterizes a non-functional requirement?
In the context of use case diagrams, what does the <<extend>> relationship typically represent?
In the context of use case diagrams, what does the <<extend>> relationship typically represent?
What is the primary purpose of the swimlanes (partitions) in UML activity diagrams?
What is the primary purpose of the swimlanes (partitions) in UML activity diagrams?
In UML state diagrams, what is the significance of a 'history state'?
In UML state diagrams, what is the significance of a 'history state'?
What does 'boundedness' refer to in the context of Petri Nets?
What does 'boundedness' refer to in the context of Petri Nets?
In SDL, what is the purpose of 'State'?
In SDL, what is the purpose of 'State'?
Given the alphabet Σ = {a, b}, which of the following regular expressions represents the set of all strings that start with 'a' and end with 'b'?
Given the alphabet Σ = {a, b}, which of the following regular expressions represents the set of all strings that start with 'a' and end with 'b'?
Which component is responsible for converting a sequence of characters into a sequence of tokens?
Which component is responsible for converting a sequence of characters into a sequence of tokens?
What is the primary purpose of converting a regular expression to a Non-deterministic Finite Automaton (NFA)?
What is the primary purpose of converting a regular expression to a Non-deterministic Finite Automaton (NFA)?
Which of the following is a key characteristic of Agile models?
Which of the following is a key characteristic of Agile models?
Given two use cases, 'Login' and 'Update Profile', which relationship would be most appropriate if 'Update Profile' requires a successful 'Login'?
Given two use cases, 'Login' and 'Update Profile', which relationship would be most appropriate if 'Update Profile' requires a successful 'Login'?
What is the primary goal of Domain Analysis in software engineering?
What is the primary goal of Domain Analysis in software engineering?
Which of the following best describes the primary function of a compiler?
Which of the following best describes the primary function of a compiler?
Which of the following is the first phase in the structure of a compiler?
Which of the following is the first phase in the structure of a compiler?
What is the role of 'lexical categories' in computer language processing?
What is the role of 'lexical categories' in computer language processing?
How does Syntax Analysis, or parsing, contribute to the compilation process?
How does Syntax Analysis, or parsing, contribute to the compilation process?
Which of the following is the main goal of Semantic Analysis in a compiler?
Which of the following is the main goal of Semantic Analysis in a compiler?
What is a key difference between a compiler and an interpreter?
What is a key difference between a compiler and an interpreter?
Which of the following is a 'must-do' requirement for compilers?
Which of the following is a 'must-do' requirement for compilers?
In the compilation process, what is the role of the 'Code Optimizer'?
In the compilation process, what is the role of the 'Code Optimizer'?
Considering natural language processing, what does 'lexical unit' refer to?
Considering natural language processing, what does 'lexical unit' refer to?
In the context of compilers, what is an alphabet?
In the context of compilers, what is an alphabet?
If Σ = {0, 1}, which of the following is NOT a string of the alphabet Σ?
If Σ = {0, 1}, which of the following is NOT a string of the alphabet Σ?
In the context of formal languages, what does the Kleene star (closure) operation represent?
In the context of formal languages, what does the Kleene star (closure) operation represent?
How do computer languages differ from natural languages in terms of syntax and semantics?
How do computer languages differ from natural languages in terms of syntax and semantics?
Which of the following best describes the role of a 'dictionary' in the context of Natural Language processing?
Which of the following best describes the role of a 'dictionary' in the context of Natural Language processing?
Which of the following is a 'must-have' for compilers to ensure usability?
Which of the following is a 'must-have' for compilers to ensure usability?
Which of the following is a primary challenge in semantic analysis, particularly when dealing with natural languages?
Which of the following is a primary challenge in semantic analysis, particularly when dealing with natural languages?
What does the term 'tokens' refer to in the context of lexical analysis for computer languages?
What does the term 'tokens' refer to in the context of lexical analysis for computer languages?
How does parsing use 'syntax rules' of a language?
How does parsing use 'syntax rules' of a language?
In the context of natural language processing, which task does 'lexical analysis' primarily handle?
In the context of natural language processing, which task does 'lexical analysis' primarily handle?
What is the primary goal of the 'Intermediate Code Generator' in the compilation process?
What is the primary goal of the 'Intermediate Code Generator' in the compilation process?
When humans analyze the meaning of sentences, which of the following challenges do compilers face?
When humans analyze the meaning of sentences, which of the following challenges do compilers face?
In programming languages, what approach avoids ambiguities in semantic analysis?
In programming languages, what approach avoids ambiguities in semantic analysis?
What potential issue does the following C++ code demonstrate in the context of semantic analysis?
{
int Jack = 3;
{
int Jack = 4;
cout << Jack;
}
}
What potential issue does the following C++ code demonstrate in the context of semantic analysis?
{
int Jack = 3;
{
int Jack = 4;
cout << Jack;
}
}
Which of the following issues would a compiler likely report during semantic analysis of the following code snippet (assuming result is intended to be used):```
public boolean test(int x){
boolean result;
if (x > 100) {
result = true;
}
return result;
}
Which of the following issues would a compiler likely report during semantic analysis of the following code snippet (assuming result is intended to be used):```
public boolean test(int x){
boolean result;
if (x > 100) {
result = true;
}
return result;
}
Referring to Natural Language processing, identify the statement that accurately describes the relationship between grammar and meaning:
Referring to Natural Language processing, identify the statement that accurately describes the relationship between grammar and meaning:
What is the role of a 'lexical analyzer' in the context of compiler construction?
What is the role of a 'lexical analyzer' in the context of compiler construction?
Given the set of characters Σ = {a, b, c}, which of the following denotes Σ*?
Given the set of characters Σ = {a, b, c}, which of the following denotes Σ*?
What is the main reason compilers often perform 'limited' semantic analysis?
What is the main reason compilers often perform 'limited' semantic analysis?
Which of the following describes the purpose of a formal language?
Which of the following describes the purpose of a formal language?
Why is it important for a compiler to work well with debuggers?
Why is it important for a compiler to work well with debuggers?
Assuming these lines appear in a program:
int x = 0;
x = 1;
x = 0;
What concern is raised during semantic analysis?
Assuming these lines appear in a program:
int x = 0;
x = 1;
x = 0;
What concern is raised during semantic analysis?
Why is lexical analysis considered the first step towards analyzing a program?
Why is lexical analysis considered the first step towards analyzing a program?
Which of the following represents semantics in the compilation process?
Which of the following represents semantics in the compilation process?
How does an alphabet relate to formal languages?
How does an alphabet relate to formal languages?
How does code optimization improve the compilation process?
How does code optimization improve the compilation process?
Flashcards
Software Development Life Cycle
Software Development Life Cycle
A series of steps in software creation: Planning, Analysis, Design, Implementation, Testing, Maintenance.
Black Box Processes
Black Box Processes
Customer interaction is limited to the beginning and end of the project.
White Box Processes
White Box Processes
Project adaptations allowed as the project progresses.
Waterfall Model
Waterfall Model
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Iterative Model
Iterative Model
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Agile Model
Agile Model
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Domain Analysis
Domain Analysis
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Client Requirements
Client Requirements
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Functional Requirements
Functional Requirements
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Non-Functional Requirements
Non-Functional Requirements
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Use Case Diagram
Use Case Diagram
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UML Activity Diagram
UML Activity Diagram
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UML State Diagram
UML State Diagram
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Petri Nets
Petri Nets
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Specification & Description Language
Specification & Description Language
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Study Notes
- These notes cover topics relating to software construction and development models, including lexical analysis.
Software Development Models
- Life cycle consists of planning, analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance.
- Black box processes: Customer interaction occurs mainly at the beginning and end of the project.
- White box processes: Allow project changes as the project progresses.
Waterfall Model
- Involves sequential phases: requirement gathering and analysis, system design, implementation, testing, development, and maintenance.
Iterative Model
- Involves domain analysis and initial planning, high-level requirements, update requirements, update architecture and design, iteration planning in a cycle with implementation, integration and testing, evaluation with the end-user, and deployment.
Agile Model
- Involves product backlog being transferred to sprint backlog for the sprint of 30 days with 24 hour increments, resulting in a working increment of the software.
Domain Analysis and Modeling
- Domain analysis is the process where a software engineer learns background information about the field of the project.
- Aims to understand the domain independently of the specific system being developed.
- Focuses on the concepts and terminology of the application domain within a wider scope than the future system.
Requirements
- Client requirements are demanded by the client/customer and focus on QOL aspects like UI, performance, and efficiency.
- Functional requirements define what inputs/outputs the system has, what data it stores, what computations it performs, and its timing/synchronization.
- Non-functional requirements describe the system's general properties, also known as quality attributes.
Use Case Diagrams
- Components include:
- Name: Short and descriptive
- Actors: Types of users that will do this
- Goals: What are the actors trying to achieve
- Preconditions: System state before use case
- Summary: Short informal description
- Related use cases
- Steps: Described using a 2-column format
- Postconditions: System state after completion
Behavioral Modelling
- Includes UML Activity Diagrams with initial and final nodes, decision and merge nodes, fork and join nodes, conditional threads, partitions (swimlanes), signals, and interruptible/expansion regions.
UML State Diagrams
- Consist of states, transitions, decisions, compound states, history states, and alternate entry/exit points.
Petri Nets
- Boundedness: A Petri net is k-bounded if the number of tokens in each place does not exceed a finite number k from MO (initial marking).
- Liveness: A Petri net with initial marking MO is live if, no matter what marking has been reached from MO, it is possible to fire at least one transition via some firing sequence.
Specification & Description Language (SDL)
- Involves processes that start, have states, send signals, receive signals, perform tasks, make decisions, and handle process or procedure termination, along with dynamic process creation and procedure calls.
Lexical Analysis
- Alphabet Σ is a finite set of symbols (e.g., Σ = {a, b, c, d}).
- Possible strings from Σ include "aaa," "aabbccdd," "d," "cba," "abab," and "cccccccccaaccccc."
- Σ*: closure of the alphabet, the set of all possible strings in Σ, including the empty string ε (ε = {""}).
- Example: Σ = [A-Za-z]
- Σ* = {ε, aa, bb, AbBc, aZ, ....} the set of all strings we can build using characters in Σ
- A (formal) language is defined as some specified subset of Σ*.
- For example: Alphabet = English characters Language = English sentences
- Regular Expressions
- Let Σ = {a,b}, then:
- a|b = {a,b}
- (a|b)(a|b) = {aa,ab,ba,bb}
- a* = {ε, a, aa, aaa, ...}
- (a|b)* = (ab)*
- aa*b = {a, b, ab, aab, aaab, aaaab, ...}
- Let Σ = {a,b}, then:
- NFA (Non-deterministic Finite Automata)
- Conversion of regular expression to NFA using specific creation rules.
- DFA (Deterministic Finite Automata)
- Conversion from DFA to NFA involves adding a state T = e-closure(s0) unmarked to Dstates, then marking T and, for each input symbol a, calculating U = e-closure(move(T,a)).
- If U is not in Dstates, it is added unmarked, and Dtrans[T, a] is set to U.
- The e-closure(s0) is the start state of D. A state of D is accepting if it contains at least one accepting state in N.
- Conversion from DFA to NFA involves adding a state T = e-closure(s0) unmarked to Dstates, then marking T and, for each input symbol a, calculating U = e-closure(move(T,a)).
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