Software Development Models

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Questions and Answers

In the typical software development life cycle, which phase focuses on understanding the user's needs and defining the project's goals?

  • Analysis (correct)
  • Testing
  • Design
  • Implementation

Which software development model emphasizes customer interaction primarily at the beginning and end of the project?

  • Iterative Model
  • Agile Model
  • Waterfall Model with White Box Processes
  • Waterfall Model with Black Box Processes (correct)

In an iterative software development model, what is the main purpose of the 'Evaluation' stage?

  • To plan the next iteration
  • To get feedback from the end-user. (correct)
  • To perform system testing
  • To write the code for the system

Which of the following characterizes a non-functional requirement?

<p>The required response time for a database query (B)</p>
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In the context of use case diagrams, what does the <<extend>> relationship typically represent?

<p>An alternative flow that is conditionally executed. (A)</p>
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What is the primary purpose of the swimlanes (partitions) in UML activity diagrams?

<p>Group activities by responsible actor or component. (B)</p>
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In UML state diagrams, what is the significance of a 'history state'?

<p>It allows the system to re-enter the last active substate of a composite state. (A)</p>
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What does 'boundedness' refer to in the context of Petri Nets?

<p>The maximum number of tokens in any place. (B)</p>
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In SDL, what is the purpose of 'State'?

<p>To represent the current condition of a process, waiting for a signal. (D)</p>
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Given the alphabet Σ = {a, b}, which of the following regular expressions represents the set of all strings that start with 'a' and end with 'b'?

<p>aa*b (B)</p>
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Which component is responsible for converting a sequence of characters into a sequence of tokens?

<p>Lexical Analyzer (C)</p>
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What is the primary purpose of converting a regular expression to a Non-deterministic Finite Automaton (NFA)?

<p>To create a state diagram and prepare the regular expression for pattern matching (C)</p>
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Which of the following is a key characteristic of Agile models?

<p>Iterative development with focus on rapid adaptation (B)</p>
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Given two use cases, 'Login' and 'Update Profile', which relationship would be most appropriate if 'Update Profile' requires a successful 'Login'?

<p>Include (B)</p>
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What is the primary goal of Domain Analysis in software engineering?

<p>To understand the problem domain independently of a specific system (C)</p>
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Which of the following best describes the primary function of a compiler?

<p>To translate source code into another language, such as machine code. (C)</p>
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Which of the following is the first phase in the structure of a compiler?

<p>Lexical Analysis (B)</p>
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What is the role of 'lexical categories' in computer language processing?

<p>They represent different types of lexical units such as identifiers, numbers, and operators. (B)</p>
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How does Syntax Analysis, or parsing, contribute to the compilation process?

<p>By identifying the grammatical structure of the code, ensuring it follows the language's rules. (D)</p>
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Which of the following is the main goal of Semantic Analysis in a compiler?

<p>To verify the meaning and correctness of the program, catching inconsistencies. (C)</p>
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What is a key difference between a compiler and an interpreter?

<p>A compiler translates code into another language, while an interpreter executes the code directly. (A)</p>
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Which of the following is a 'must-do' requirement for compilers?

<p>Producing correct code. (D)</p>
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In the compilation process, what is the role of the 'Code Optimizer'?

<p>To improve the efficiency of the intermediate code. (A)</p>
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Considering natural language processing, what does 'lexical unit' refer to?

<p>A sequence of characters that forms a meaningful word or token. (A)</p>
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In the context of compilers, what is an alphabet?

<p>A finite set of characters or symbols used to construct strings in a language. (B)</p>
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If Σ = {0, 1}, which of the following is NOT a string of the alphabet Σ?

<p>abc (A)</p>
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In the context of formal languages, what does the Kleene star (closure) operation represent?

<p>The set of all possible strings that can be formed using the symbols from the alphabet, including the empty string. (B)</p>
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How do computer languages differ from natural languages in terms of syntax and semantics?

<p>Computer languages usually have explicitly defined rules, whereas natural languages often involve ambiguities. (C)</p>
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Which of the following best describes the role of a 'dictionary' in the context of Natural Language processing?

<p>It lists all valid words (lexemes) of a language and their lexical categories. (D)</p>
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Which of the following is a 'must-have' for compilers to ensure usability?

<p>Good diagnostics for lexical and syntax errors. (A)</p>
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Which of the following is a primary challenge in semantic analysis, particularly when dealing with natural languages?

<p>The complexity of formalizing meaning due to nuances and context-dependent interpretations. (D)</p>
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What does the term 'tokens' refer to in the context of lexical analysis for computer languages?

<p>Lexical units classified into categories like identifiers, numbers, operators, etc. (D)</p>
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How does parsing use 'syntax rules' of a language?

<p>To confirm if the sequence of lexemes forms a well-structured program. (D)</p>
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In the context of natural language processing, which task does 'lexical analysis' primarily handle?

<p>Breaking down text into individual words or lexemes. (D)</p>
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What is the primary goal of the 'Intermediate Code Generator' in the compilation process?

<p>To create a machine-independent representation of the source code. (D)</p>
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When humans analyze the meaning of sentences, which of the following challenges do compilers face?

<p>The complexity of understanding context and nuances in language. (B)</p>
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In programming languages, what approach avoids ambiguities in semantic analysis?

<p>Defining strict rules for language constructs and interpretations. (C)</p>
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What potential issue does the following C++ code demonstrate in the context of semantic analysis?

{
 int Jack = 3;
  {
   int Jack = 4;
   cout << Jack;
  }
}

<p>Semantic scoping rules where the inner definition of <code>Jack</code> is used. (B)</p>
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Which of the following issues would a compiler likely report during semantic analysis of the following code snippet (assuming result is intended to be used):``` public boolean test(int x){ boolean result; if (x > 100) { result = true; } return result; }

<p>Potential use of uninitialized variable <code>result</code> if <code>x</code> is not greater than 100. (A)</p>
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Referring to Natural Language processing, identify the statement that accurately describes the relationship between grammar and meaning:

<p>A grammar determines well-formed word sequences, and such structures usually convey meaning. (D)</p>
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What is the role of a 'lexical analyzer' in the context of compiler construction?

<p>To divide program text into a stream of tokens. (C)</p>
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Given the set of characters Σ = {a, b, c}, which of the following denotes Σ*?

<p>The set of all possible strings that can be formed using 'a', 'b', and 'c', including the empty string. (D)</p>
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What is the main reason compilers often perform 'limited' semantic analysis?

<p>Because fully understanding the meaning of a program is generally too complex. (D)</p>
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Which of the following describes the purpose of a formal language?

<p>A language with explicitly defined rules for syntax and semantics. (D)</p>
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Why is it important for a compiler to work well with debuggers?

<p>To facilitate the identification and resolution of errors in the compiled program. (A)</p>
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Assuming these lines appear in a program: int x = 0; x = 1; x = 0; What concern is raised during semantic analysis?

<p>If the initialization is not used before another initialization. (B)</p>
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Why is lexical analysis considered the first step towards analyzing a program?

<p>It breaks down the input into smallest units for subsequent analysis. (C)</p>
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Which of the following represents semantics in the compilation process?

<p>The meaning of the well-formed program. (B)</p>
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How does an alphabet relate to formal languages?

<p>It contains a finite set of symbols used in a language. (C)</p>
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How does code optimization improve the compilation process?

<p>Making execution more efficient. (C)</p>
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Flashcards

Software Development Life Cycle

A series of steps in software creation: Planning, Analysis, Design, Implementation, Testing, Maintenance.

Black Box Processes

Customer interaction is limited to the beginning and end of the project.

White Box Processes

Project adaptations allowed as the project progresses.

Waterfall Model

Sequential design process where progress flows steadily downwards through phases.

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Iterative Model

Repetitive process for refining a software system.

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Agile Model

Emphasizes adaptive planning, evolutionary development and delivery, and prioritizes rapid, flexible response to change.

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Domain Analysis

Understanding the problem area, independent of the specific system.

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Client Requirements

Requirements requested by the client which are usually informal and focus on QOL.

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Functional Requirements

Describe what the system should do, like inputs, outputs and stored data.

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Non-Functional Requirements

Describe system properties, also known as quality atributes.

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Use Case Diagram

A diagram to show how users interact with the system.

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UML Activity Diagram

Shows the sequence of activities and the order in which they occur.

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UML State Diagram

A diagram to show all possible states of an object and how the object transitions from one state to another.

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Petri Nets

A modeling language for concurrent systems. Useful for analyzing system behavior.

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Specification & Description Language

A formal language used in the communications, telecommunications and, more recently, in embedded systems. Graphical and textual representation.

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Study Notes

  • These notes cover topics relating to software construction and development models, including lexical analysis.

Software Development Models

  • Life cycle consists of planning, analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance.
  • Black box processes: Customer interaction occurs mainly at the beginning and end of the project.
  • White box processes: Allow project changes as the project progresses.

Waterfall Model

  • Involves sequential phases: requirement gathering and analysis, system design, implementation, testing, development, and maintenance.

Iterative Model

  • Involves domain analysis and initial planning, high-level requirements, update requirements, update architecture and design, iteration planning in a cycle with implementation, integration and testing, evaluation with the end-user, and deployment.

Agile Model

  • Involves product backlog being transferred to sprint backlog for the sprint of 30 days with 24 hour increments, resulting in a working increment of the software.

Domain Analysis and Modeling

  • Domain analysis is the process where a software engineer learns background information about the field of the project.
  • Aims to understand the domain independently of the specific system being developed.
  • Focuses on the concepts and terminology of the application domain within a wider scope than the future system.

Requirements

  • Client requirements are demanded by the client/customer and focus on QOL aspects like UI, performance, and efficiency.
  • Functional requirements define what inputs/outputs the system has, what data it stores, what computations it performs, and its timing/synchronization.
  • Non-functional requirements describe the system's general properties, also known as quality attributes.

Use Case Diagrams

  • Components include:
    • Name: Short and descriptive
    • Actors: Types of users that will do this
    • Goals: What are the actors trying to achieve
    • Preconditions: System state before use case
    • Summary: Short informal description
    • Related use cases
    • Steps: Described using a 2-column format
    • Postconditions: System state after completion

Behavioral Modelling

  • Includes UML Activity Diagrams with initial and final nodes, decision and merge nodes, fork and join nodes, conditional threads, partitions (swimlanes), signals, and interruptible/expansion regions.

UML State Diagrams

  • Consist of states, transitions, decisions, compound states, history states, and alternate entry/exit points.

Petri Nets

  • Boundedness: A Petri net is k-bounded if the number of tokens in each place does not exceed a finite number k from MO (initial marking).
  • Liveness: A Petri net with initial marking MO is live if, no matter what marking has been reached from MO, it is possible to fire at least one transition via some firing sequence.

Specification & Description Language (SDL)

  • Involves processes that start, have states, send signals, receive signals, perform tasks, make decisions, and handle process or procedure termination, along with dynamic process creation and procedure calls.

Lexical Analysis

  • Alphabet Σ is a finite set of symbols (e.g., Σ = {a, b, c, d}).
    • Possible strings from Σ include "aaa," "aabbccdd," "d," "cba," "abab," and "cccccccccaaccccc."
  • Σ*: closure of the alphabet, the set of all possible strings in Σ, including the empty string ε (ε = {""}).
    • Example: Σ = [A-Za-z]
    • Σ* = {ε, aa, bb, AbBc, aZ, ....} the set of all strings we can build using characters in Σ
  • A (formal) language is defined as some specified subset of Σ*.
    • For example: Alphabet = English characters Language = English sentences
  • Regular Expressions
    • Let Σ = {a,b}, then:
      • a|b = {a,b}
      • (a|b)(a|b) = {aa,ab,ba,bb}
      • a* = {ε, a, aa, aaa, ...}
      • (a|b)* = (ab)*
      • aa*b = {a, b, ab, aab, aaab, aaaab, ...}
  • NFA (Non-deterministic Finite Automata)
    • Conversion of regular expression to NFA using specific creation rules.
  • DFA (Deterministic Finite Automata)
    • Conversion from DFA to NFA involves adding a state T = e-closure(s0) unmarked to Dstates, then marking T and, for each input symbol a, calculating U = e-closure(move(T,a)).
      • If U is not in Dstates, it is added unmarked, and Dtrans[T, a] is set to U.
    • The e-closure(s0) is the start state of D. A state of D is accepting if it contains at least one accepting state in N.

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