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Study Notes

Radiographic Positioning and Terminology

Anatomical Position: Standing upright, face forward, arms extended, palms forward, heels together, toes pointing anteriorly
Body Planes:
- Sagittal: Divides body into right and left
  - Midsagittal: Equal right and left
  - Parasagittal: Unequal right and left
- Coronal: Divides body into anterior and posterior
  - Midcoronal/Midaxillary plane: Equal anterior and posterior
- Axial/Transverse: Divides body into superior and inferior
Special Planes:
- Interiliac plane: Transects the pelvis at the top of the iliac crest, level with L4 spinous process. Used for positioning lumbar spine, sacrum, coccyx.
- Occlusal plane: Formed by biting surfaces of upper and lower teeth with jaws closed. Used for positioning odontoid process and some head projections
Anatomic Relationship Terms:
- Deep: Parts far from the surface
- Lateral: Parts away from the median plane
- Parietal: Wall or lining of a body cavity
- Visceral: Covering of an organ
- Proximal: Parts nearest the point of attachment/origin
- Distal: Parts farthest from the point of attachment/origin
- Ipsilateral: Parts on the same side of the body
- Contralateral: Parts on the opposite side of the body
- External: Parts outside of an organ/body
- Internal: Parts inside of an organ/body
- Palmar/Volar (hand): Palm of the hand
- Dorsum (hand): Back or posterior surface of the hand
- Plantar (foot): Sole of the foot
- Dorsum (foot): Top or anterior surface of the foot
Projection:
- Anteroposterior (AP): Perpendicular central ray (CR) enters the front (anterior) body surface and exits the back (posterior) body surface
- Posteroanterior (PA): Perpendicular CR enters the back (posterior) body surface and exits the front (anterior) body surface
Position: The position of the patient's body during the examination
View: The specific image obtained
Method: The specific technique used for positioning and image acquisition
Body Movement Terminology:
- Flexion: Bending of a joint
- Extension: Straightening of a joint
- Rotation: Turning of a body part
- Abduction: Movement away from the midline
- Adduction: Movement toward the midline

Radiologic Contrast Examinations

Pharmacological Agents:
- Hyoscine-N-Butylbromide (Buscopan): Antimuscarinic agent that inhibits intestinal motility and gastric secretion. Used as a diagnostic aid for GI studies.

Barium Studies

Barium Swallow:
- Indications: Dysphagia, esophageal motility disorders.
- Technique: The patient swallows barium while fluoroscopic images are acquired.
Barium Meal:
- Indications: Evaluation of the stomach and upper small bowel.
- Technique: Barium is administered orally, and fluoroscopic images are acquired as it passes through the GI tract.
Barium Enema:
- Indications: Evaluation of the colon.
- Technique: Barium is instilled into the rectum and colon via a rectal tube.

Gastrografin Studies

Gastrografin - Water-soluble contrast agent.
Gastrografin Gastrografin:
- Indications: Conditions where leakage into the peritoneal cavity is possible.
- Technique: Gastrografin is administered orally or via nasogastric tube.
Gastrografin Enema:
- Indications: Evaluation of the colon when barium is contraindicated.
- Technique: Gastrografin is instilled into the rectum and colon via a rectal tube.

Small Bowel Follow-Through

Indications: Evaluation of the small bowel function and abnormalities like Crohn's disease or malabsorption.
Technique: Oral administration of a barium mixture, followed by serial fluoroscopic images as barium transit through the small bowel.

Other Radiologic Examinations

CT Scan:
- Indications: Evaluation of various organs and tissues including abdominal, pelvic, and brain.
- Technique: Use of X-rays to create detailed cross-sectional images.
MRI Scan:
- Indications: Evaluation of various organs and tissues including brain, spinal cord, and musculoskeletal system.
- Technique: Uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create images.