Sociosexual Orientation and Relationships Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the sociosexual orientation most closely linked to family life?

  • LGB orientation
  • Heterosexual orientation
  • Restricted sociosexual orientation (correct)
  • Unrestricted sociosexual orientation

Which group is likely to prefer multiple partners with shorter relationship durations?

  • Individuals with a personality disorder
  • Individuals with a restricted sociosexual orientation
  • Individuals with strong prosocial emotions
  • Individuals with an unrestricted sociosexual orientation (correct)

What can the lack of ability to form social bonds lead to according to the content?

  • Enhanced social bonding
  • Development of prosocial orientation
  • Impaired function of conscience (correct)
  • Reduced interest in sexual relationships

What is a common characteristic associated with unrestricted sociosexual orientation?

<p>Presence of personality disorders (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do individuals typically seek in a partner when considering long-term relationships?

<p>Adaptive personality traits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does sociosexual orientation affect partner preferences?

<p>It influences the attributes sought in partners. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common profile of individuals with the unrestricted sociosexual orientation?

<p>They have impaired prosocial emotions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which physical feature is mentioned as a clue about testosterone action in a person?

<p>Facial features (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of pseudo-love as described in the content?

<p>It involves guarding and possession of partners. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what factor contributes to paternal disinvestment?

<p>Diversion of resources towards personal lifestyles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which love form integrates attachment, caregiving, and sexuality to form an exclusive bond?

<p>Passionate love (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What recent theories suggest about human life history in relation to paternal care?

<p>Human evolution favored mate guarding strategies over paternal care. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a noted impact of social circumstances on human behavior regarding power and gender, as per the content?

<p>It leads to a predisposition toward slavery. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is commonly associated with masculine faces?

<p>Wide face with large lower jaw (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups prefers masculine-looking faces for short-term mating?

<p>Heterosexual women and gay men (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the propinquity effect?

<p>The likelihood of forming friendships with those encountered frequently (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Assortative mating refers to which phenomenon?

<p>Systematic matching based on shared characteristics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is passionate love characterized?

<p>An intense longing for physical closeness and union (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive feature is indicative of passionate love?

<p>Idealization and preoccupation with the partner (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following aspects of love involves action toward the partner?

<p>Behavioral features like care and support (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is suggested by the statement that love may be understood as a behavioral addiction?

<p>It involves compulsively seeking attention from partners (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following traits is commonly found among attractive individuals?

<p>Narcissistic personality traits (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Emotional features of passionate love include all of the following except:

<p>Desire for independence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might relationships last longer according to research?

<p>Similarities among partners (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might be a consequence of physical contact in relationships?

<p>Development of passionate love (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following behaviors reflects the preoccupation characteristic of passionate love?

<p>Intense concentration on one's partner's needs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily triggers the experience of arousal and intensity in love?

<p>Stimulation of neurotransmitter systems (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is specifically associated with anxiety relief in the context of love?

<p>Oxytocin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does falling in love compare to drug intoxication?

<p>Both create ecstasy followed by withdrawal symptoms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor is most directly tied to an individual's experience of passionate love?

<p>Their attachment style (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes companionate love from passionate love?

<p>It does not involve sexuality (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures in the brain is closely related to the experience of love?

<p>Reward regions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do social bonding and propensity for addiction relate, according to individual differences?

<p>They stem from variations in neurotransmitter functions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage do individuals develop the ability to form significant friendships and romantic partnerships?

<p>Intimacy vs. Isolation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does agency play in mature love relationships?

<p>It helps preserve the relationship (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way do friends and partners contribute to an individual's self-expansion?

<p>By offering new resources and learning opportunities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which animal model is noted for its study of love bonds in research?

<p>Prairie vole (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What age do surveys indicate is the average for first experiencing passionate love?

<p>16 years old (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is NOT a characteristic of love bonds in animals like prairie voles?

<p>Indifference to partner separation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of individuals in long-term relationships report still feeling passionately in love?

<p>29% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the components proposed by Sternberg's theory of romantic love?

<p>Affection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is fatuous love characterized by according to Sternberg's theory?

<p>Passion and commitment without intimacy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can lead to a decrease in passion in long-term relationships during middle adulthood?

<p>Work and raising children (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does relationship satisfaction primarily predict according to the discussed content?

<p>Overall health and wellbeing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which measure is used to assess dyadic adjustment in relationships?

<p>Dyadic Adjustment Scale (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect does the Dyadic Adjustment Scale NOT evaluate?

<p>Individual career satisfaction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically happens to relationship satisfaction during young adulthood according to the disillusionment model?

<p>It tends to decline due to the stress of children and work. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical factor for maintaining relationship satisfaction over time?

<p>Regular acts of affection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do humans' special touch receptors contribute to relationships?

<p>By relieving pain and anxiety through stimulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT contribute to long-term relationship functioning as identified in the content?

<p>Increased work hours (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to relationship satisfaction after adult children move out, according to recent studies?

<p>It can increase for couples who stay together. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is NOT correlated with passionate love according to research?

<p>Commitment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor contributing to higher relationship satisfaction among couples?

<p>Active communication (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT mentioned as contributing to relationship satisfaction?

<p>Shared hobbies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the phenomenon of engaging in sexual relationships outside the primary bond?

<p>Extra-pair copulations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is polygyny defined in the context of marriage?

<p>One male with multiple females (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cultural institution is considered to be underpinned by the stability of the human pair bond?

<p>Marriage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is mentioned as a consequence of polygyny in society?

<p>Increased opportunities for warfare (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one common misconception regarding genetic monogamy among humans?

<p>It is more common than social monogamy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been linked to a decrease in sexual desire within romantic relationships over time?

<p>Lack of satisfying sex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What social issue arises from the practice of polygyny, according to the content?

<p>Homelessness among excess young males (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the average man's sexual activity reflect on his sperm count?

<p>Frequent sex leads to lower sperm counts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of social partnerships is highlighted as a crucial determinant of human health?

<p>Quality of the social partnership (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which historical figure is mentioned in connection with genetic monogamy and polygynous marriages?

<p>Genghis Khan (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is likely to lead to dissatisfaction in relationships?

<p>Unrealistic expectations from the partner (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does social monogamy differ from genetic monogamy in the context of human relationships?

<p>Genetic monogamy entails physical fidelity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common family structure in polygynous societies?

<p>Single marriage relationships (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is often associated with polygynous marriages?

<p>Increased risk of trafficking of women (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In consensual non-monogamy, which arrangement typically has the lowest relationship satisfaction?

<p>Open relationships (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which common issue is associated with low relationship satisfaction in consensual non-monogamous arrangements?

<p>Poor communication (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been the general trend of marriage in the US among adults over 30?

<p>Decline in marriage rates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the living arrangements of many unpartnered adults?

<p>They often live with their parents (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic features the highest rates of children from polygynous families?

<p>Higher mortality rates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What legal development regarding same-sex marriage occurred on June 26, 2015, in the US?

<p>Same-sex marriage was established as a right (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common outcome for men who are married compared to those who are single?

<p>Higher earnings (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of consensual non-monogamous relationships typically allows for both sexual and romantic relationships outside the primary partnership?

<p>Polyamorous relationships (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the median duration of marriages in the US?

<p>25 years (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can contribute to mental health problems in women within polygynous families?

<p>Isolation and competition among co-wives (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many countries had legalized same-sex marriage by 2019?

<p>31 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior falls under the definition of physical violence according to the CDC National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey?

<p>Being slapped or pushed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What criteria qualifies a person as a stalking victim?

<p>Experiencing stalking tactics multiple times by the same perpetrator. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of aggression includes behaviors intended to monitor or control an intimate partner?

<p>Coercive control (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of women have experienced any physical violence from an intimate partner?

<p>42.0% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about intimate partner abuse (IPV) is correct?

<p>IPV can occur equally among men and women. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception regarding the causes of intimate partner abuse?

<p>It is only due to economic factors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is identified as influencing aggression in relationships?

<p>Cultural beliefs about aggression (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological outcome is often associated with victims of IPV?

<p>Mental health challenges (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of violence is characterized by partners occasionally using aggression to resolve conflict?

<p>Situational couple violence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant predictor of individuals resorting to violent behavior?

<p>Poor self-regulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the impact of early adverse environments on individuals?

<p>They predispose individuals towards violence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does psychological abuse play in intimate partner violence?

<p>It involves emotional harm and control. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does psychological aggression differ from physical aggression?

<p>It includes non-physical actions aimed to harm emotionally. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common viewpoint is held regarding the nature of partner relationships?

<p>They can include power and control dynamics. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which situation is aggressive behavior more likely to manifest according to the discussed factors?

<p>Poor self-regulation states. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of battering and controlling behaviors according to the Duluth Model?

<p>Patriarchy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common outcome for victims of intimate partner violence (IPV) as reported in the statistics?

<p>Fearful of their partner (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about traumatic bonding is correct?

<p>It leads to a stronger attachment to the abuser. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a suggested preventive measure to combat intimate partner violence?

<p>Nurturing boys into caring individuals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological factor is often linked to IPV perpetrators in WEIRD nations?

<p>Personality disorders (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one implication of the Duluth Model regarding the behaviors of male perpetrators?

<p>They may use male privilege as an excuse for abusive behavior. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is connected to the high prevalence of IPV in certain societies?

<p>Trafficking of females (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which outcome is more commonly reported by women than men experiencing IPV?

<p>Concern for safety (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Duluth Power and Control Wheel serves to illustrate what concept?

<p>The complexities of IPV (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What behavior is often associated with male dominance in IPV situations?

<p>Aggression towards female partners (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor does NOT play a role in predicting traumatic bonding among IPV victims?

<p>Historical context of the abuser (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which species exhibits behavior comparable to human IPV, as mentioned in the content?

<p>Hamadryas baboons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What biological response is linked to traumatic bonding in IPV victims?

<p>Hyperactivation of attachment systems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might some partners find it difficult to leave abusive relationships?

<p>They have strong emotional connections with the abuser. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect primarily differentiates intimate partner terrorism from situational couple violence?

<p>Power dynamics and control over the partner (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What developmental factor is linked to the propensity for intimate partner terrorism?

<p>Absence of empathy and prosocial orientation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about situational couple violence is accurate?

<p>It is commonly equal among genders. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor increases the likelihood of a boy becoming a perpetrator of intimate partner terrorism later in life?

<p>Experience of parental intimate partner violence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can be an effect of excessive power orientation in relationships?

<p>Deterioration of healthy relationship dynamics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does culture play in situational couple violence?

<p>It may influence beliefs about the legitimacy of violence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the control exerted by perpetrators in intimate partner terrorism?

<p>It often begins after the relationship is established. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should treatment for situational couple violence include?

<p>Training in self-regulation and communication skills (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of 'mutually violent control' in intimate partner relationships?

<p>Both partners attempt to gain control over each other. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior is NOT typically exhibited in intimate partner terrorism?

<p>Encouraging independent social interactions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What may exacerbate the likelihood of situational couple violence?

<p>Substance abuse or intoxication (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary impact of intimate partner terrorism on victims compared to situational couple violence?

<p>Stronger emotional and psychological harm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes situational couple violence?

<p>It usually occurs in isolated incidents during conflicts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be said about the prevalence of psychological aggression in intimate partner relationships?

<p>It is rarely found in healthy relationships. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior may indicate psychological aggression in intimate partner violence?

<p>Humiliating the partner in social settings (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Unrestricted Sociosexual Orientation

A personality trait describing an individual's inclination towards casual sex and a preference for multiple partners.

Restricted Sociosexual Orientation

A personality trait describing an individual's preference for long-term, committed relationships and a preference for fewer partners.

Facial Feature Preferences in Mate Selection

The tendency for men and women to prioritize different facial features when choosing a partner for short-term or long-term relationships.

Testosterone

A hormone that contributes to the development of masculine features and influences social behavior.

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Facial Masculinity/Femininity

The degree to which a face displays masculine or feminine characteristics.

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Mate Selection Based on Physical Attributes

The tendency to choose partners who display physical characteristics associated with good health and reproductive fitness.

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Social Bonding

The ability to form social bonds and maintain stable relationships.

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Antisocial Personality Disorder

A personality trait characterized by a lack of empathy, remorse, and difficulty forming social bonds.

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Masculine Facial Features

Masculine facial features, such as a wide face, wide nose, and thin lips, are associated with higher testosterone levels. These features may signal strong immunity and social dominance.

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Propinquity Effect

The tendency for people to form relationships with those they frequently encounter. The more often you see someone, the more likely you are to become friends or romantically involved.

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Assortative Mating

A type of mating where individuals choose partners who share similar characteristics, such as physical attractiveness, education, values, and personality traits.

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Passionate Love

An intense desire for union with another person, often accompanied by strong emotions, physical arousal, and obsessive thinking.

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Cognitive Features of Passionate Love

Cognitive aspects of passionate love include preoccupation with the beloved, idealization, and a strong desire to know and be known.

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Emotional Features of Passionate Love

Emotional aspects of passionate love include intense attraction, longing, desire, physiological arousal, and negative emotions when the relationship is threatened.

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Behavioral Features of Passionate Love

Behavioral features of passionate love include taking care of the other person, studying their behavior, and actively seeking confirmation of their feelings.

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Love and Drug Addiction

The similarity between passionate love and drug addiction, highlighting the intense desire, craving, and dependence associated with both states.

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Passionate Love Scale

Intense longing for union with another person, marked by obsessive thoughts, intense emotions, and behaviors aimed at maintaining closeness.

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Attractiveness Bias

The tendency for those who find someone physically attractive to also perceive them as possessing positive personality traits.

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Attractiveness and Narcissism

The tendency for attractive people to have narcissistic personality traits, possibly due to the social advantages and attention they receive.

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Propinquity and Relationship Formation

The idea that the more often you interact with someone, the more likely you are to become friends or fall in love.

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Partners Matching Across Characteristics

Individuals tend to choose partners who share similar physical attractiveness, education, values, and mental wellbeing.

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Relationship Duration and Similarity

Relationships tend to last longer when partners share more similarities in their traits and characteristics.

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Brain Remodeling in Love

The process of love and bonding involves changes in brain structure and function, particularly in the frontal cortex.

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Companionate Love

A type of love that is based on deep intimacy, affection, and a strong sense of connection, but lacks the intense emotional arousal of passionate love.

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Attachment System

A biological system that plays a crucial role in forming social bonds, particularly in romantic relationships.

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Caregiving System

A biological system that is responsible for providing care and nurturing to others.

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Sexual System

A biological system that plays a vital role in sexual attraction and arousal.

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Reward Sensitivity

A personality trait that influences an individual's tendency to seek and experience pleasure from rewards.

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Self-Expansion Model

A psychological concept that describes how individuals seek to expand their sense of self through relationships and experiences.

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Agency

The ability to act independently and pursue goals.

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Power Motives

Motivations that drive individuals to seek power and dominance over others.

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Identity vs. Role Confusion

A developmental stage in which individuals explore and establish their own identity.

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Intimacy vs. Isolation

A developmental stage in which individuals form intimate relationships with others.

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Fidelity

The ability to form and maintain meaningful and lasting relationships.

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Anxious Attachment Style

A pattern of relating to others characterized by excessive worry and anxiety about the relationship.

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Avoidant Attachment Style

A pattern of relating to others characterized by a tendency to avoid emotional closeness and intimacy.

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Dopamine

A neurotransmitter that is associated with feelings of pleasure, reward, and motivation.

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Triangular Theory of Love

The belief that love is made up of three components: intimacy, passion, and commitment.

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Consummate Love

Type of love characterized by all three components of the triangular theory: intimacy, passion, and commitment.

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Fatuous Love

Type of love that comprises passion and commitment but lacks intimacy.

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Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS)

A measurement used to assess the quality of a relationship based on factors like communication, conflict resolution, and overall satisfaction.

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Relationship Satisfaction

An individual's overall feeling and perception of their romantic relationship.

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Honeymoon Phase

The initial high level of satisfaction experienced at the beginning of a romantic relationship, often followed by a decline as couples face the challenges of long-term commitment.

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Disillusionment Model

A model that explains the decline in relationship satisfaction over time as couples experience the realities and stresses of daily life.

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Affectionate Expression

The importance of expressing affection, both physically and emotionally, for reducing anxiety, tension, and conflict in relationships.

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Dyadic Brain Function

The ability of partners to influence each other's brain activity and emotional states.

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Self-Expansion

The process of actively expanding our sense of self through connection and shared experiences with a partner.

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Shared Experiences

The importance of shared activities and experiences for maintaining passion and intimacy in long-term relationships.

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Passion Decline in Middle Adulthood

The tendency for passion to decrease in middle adulthood due to demands of work and family life.

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Passion Return in Later Life

The potential for passion to increase in relationships as couples have more time and energy for each other once work and children become less demanding.

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Social Monogamy

A couple shares a home and raises offspring together, but may engage in sexual activity outside the relationship.

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Genetic Monogamy

A couple engages in sexual activity exclusively with each other.

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EPCs (Extra-pair Copulations)

Sexual contact outside of a committed relationship.

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Polygyny

A mating system where one male is partnered with multiple females.

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Polyandry

A mating system where one female is partnered with multiple males.

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Sex Ratio and Monogamy

The sex ratio at birth is slightly skewed towards males. This means that if one man has two partners, another man would be left without one, potentially causing conflict.

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Marriage and Pair Bonding

The cultural institution of marriage is closely related to the stable pair bonding behavior of humans. Historically, most cultures have allowed polygyny, while very few permitted polyandry. Monogamy is the most common type of marriage in modern societies.

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Conflict Resolution

The ability to work as a team, resolve conflicts, and reconcile after disagreements.

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Intimacy

Feeling understood, cared for, and validated by a partner.

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Shared Activities

Spending quality time together doing meaningful activities.

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Sexual Intimacy

Sexual desire and satisfaction contribute significantly to relationship satisfaction.

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Need Fulfillment

Feeling that a partner fulfills one's needs and expectations.

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Relationship Ideals

Unrealistic expectations about a partner can lead to disappointment and dissatisfaction.

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Human Male Reproduction and Monogamy

Human males have evolved smaller testicles and lower sperm counts compared to promiscuous species like chimpanzees.This is likely because of the development of monogamous relationships.

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Swinging

A form of consensual non-monogamy where couples engage in group sex with other couples.

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Open Relationships

A form of consensual non-monogamy where partners agree to have extradyadic relationships (EPCs, outside the partnership).

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Consensual Non-Monogamy (CNM)

A non-monogamous relationship where both partners agree to have sexual and/or romantic relationships outside of the primary relationship.

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Monogamy

The practice of having only one spouse at a time.

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Mental Health Risks for Women in Polygynous Families

The impact of polygyny on the mental health of women.

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Polygyny and Child Outcomes

The negative consequences of polygyny on child outcomes.

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Factors Affecting Relationship Satisfaction in CNM

Factors that contribute to low relationship satisfaction in open relationships.

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Declining Marriage Rates

The trend of declining marriage rates in the US and other developed countries.

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Same-Sex Marriage

The legal recognition of same-sex marriage.

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Advantages of Social Partnerships

The benefits of having a social partner.

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Challenges for Unpartnered Adults

The challenges faced by unpartnered adults.

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Marriage and Men's Earnings

The impact of marriage on men's earnings.

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Intimate Partner Abuse

Various acts of aggression or violence committed by an intimate partner.

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Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)

Aggression used in romantic relationships that includes physical, sexual, psychological, social reputational, and financial abuse.

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Psychological Abuse

The intentional use of verbal and non-verbal communication to harm a partner mentally or emotionally, or to assert control.

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Need for Power

A desire to dominate or control others in relationships.

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Self-Regulation

The ability to regulate emotions and behavior, especially in response to impulses and urges.

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Situational Couple Violence

Situations where partners use aggression to resolve conflicts but may otherwise have loving relations.

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Adverse Early Environments

Traumatic experiences, especially in childhood, that can hinder self-regulation and increase the likelihood of violence.

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Cultural Beliefs about Masculinity

The expectation that men should prove their masculinity by dominating and using aggression.

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Power Motivation Over Love

The tendency to prioritize power and control over love and connection in relationships.

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Empathy

The ability to understand and share the feelings of others.

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Prosocial Orientation

Behaviors that promote the well-being of others.

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Hostile Aggression

Aggression primarily used to achieve power and control, often without empathy for the victim.

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Instrumental Aggression

Aggression used strategically to achieve a desired outcome.

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IPV Prediction Model

A model that explains how individual differences in self-regulation and power motivation can predict the types of IPV used.

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Patriarchy and IPV

The argument that IPV is caused by patriarchy and male dominance over women.

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Gender-Neutral IPV

The argument that IPV is perpetrated equally by men and women, regardless of gender roles.

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Pseudo-Love

A form of "love" based on possessiveness, control, and exploitation, often motivated by a desire for power or dominance.

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Mate Guarding Theory

A theory suggesting that human life history and social systems could have evolved without paternal care, relying instead on a mate guarding strategy for family formation.

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Genetic Predisposition to Slavery

A hypothesis that suggests human beings may be genetically predisposed towards slavery due to inherent tendencies related to power dynamics and control over women.

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Intimate Partner Terrorism (IPT)

A relationship dynamic where one partner seeks control, often using manipulation, intimidation, and violence to maintain dominance over the other.

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Situational Couple Violence (SCV)

A type of partner violence that occurs during arguments or conflicts. Both partners may engage in aggression, and it's usually not intended to exert control.

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Coercive Control

A pattern of controlling behavior that aims to dominate an intimate partner. It often involves manipulating finances, social life, and personal choices.

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Poor Self-Regulation

An individual's difficulty in managing strong emotions and impulses, particularly anger and aggression.

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Mutually Violent Control

A relationship dynamic where both partners try to exert control over the other, leading to a cycle of hostility and domination.

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Alternating Good-Bad Treatment

When abusers alternate between aggression and kindness, creating a cycle of hope and fear that strengthens the victim's attachment and dependence.

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Lifetime Prevalence of Psychological Violence

The likelihood that an individual will experience violence within their lifetime, with a higher percentage for those who experience other forms of abuse.

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Psychological Aggression

A term used to describe different types of aggression that can include verbal abuse, humiliation, and being deliberately excluded.

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Expressive Aggression

A form of aggression where individuals are deliberately insulted, humiliated, or mocked in front of others.

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Communication Skills

The ability to communicate effectively within a relationship. This helps couples resolve conflicts constructively and avoid arguments.

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Culture's Influence on Violence

The belief that using violence is an acceptable way to assert dominance or resolve conflicts. This often stems from cultural norms and societal pressures.

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Duluth Model of IPV

A model proposing patriarchy as the root cause of intimate partner violence (IPV), emphasizing men's controlling behaviors as a result of societal privileges.

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Duluth Power and Control Wheel

A visual tool illustrating the tactics used by abusers to exert control over their partners, including intimidation, isolation, and emotional abuse.

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Patriarchy

A social system where men hold dominant positions and privileges, leading to the belief that they have the right to control their partners.

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Male Privilege as an Excuse for IPV

The idea that abusers often use their perceived societal privilege as justification for their violence and controlling behaviors.

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Traumatic Bonding

The development of a strong attachment bond between the victim and the abuser, even though the relationship involves violence and trauma.

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Why Battered Partners Don't Leave

The tendency for battered partners to stay in abusive relationships due to a mix of factors, including fear, economic dependence, and emotional manipulation.

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Battered Women's Syndrome

A condition characterized by a pattern of behaviors in victims of domestic violence, including fear, low self-esteem, and difficulty trusting others.

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Biological Basis of Traumatic Bonding

The biological basis for traumatic bonding, where the stress of abuse triggers the brain's attachment and caregiving systems, leading to a stronger connection to the abuser despite the harm.

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Predicting Traumatic Bonding

Factors contributing to the development of traumatic bonding, including isolation from support, intermittent abuse, and the abuser's power and control.

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Primate Aggression and Sexual Coercion

The use of aggression toward females as a means of sexual coercion observed in other primates, highlighting potential evolutionary roots of intimate partner abuse.

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Hamadryas Baboon Social Structure

The unique social structure among hamadryas baboons, where males control harems of females through aggression, resulting in an attachment bond.

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Human Evolutionary Theory and Caring Bonds

The theory that humans evolved to form caring bonds and foster parental investment in offspring, a contrast to the dominance and ownership bonds observed in some primate species.

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Trafficking and Lack of Choice in Partners

The practice of human trafficking and forced marriages, particularly prevalent in areas where IPV rates are high, highlighting the link between social structures and violence.

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Paternal Disinvestment

A pattern of behavior where fathers do not provide for or support their children, often in societies where wives shoulder all responsibilities and men prioritize mating efforts.

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Consequences of Intimate Partner Violence

The ongoing impact of intimate partner violence on victims, including physical and emotional harm, fear, and the need for various support services.

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Study Notes

Human Intimate Partnerships and Love

  • Individual Differences in Social Bonding: Sociosexual orientation, a key sexual variable linked to family life, affects the experience of love and the number of lifetime partners.
    • Individuals with restricted sociosexual orientation tend to form exclusive bonds, while those with unrestricted orientation prefer multiple partners and shorter-term relationships.
    • Unrestricted orientation is linked to lower relationship quality and infidelity. It is also found in individuals with personality disorders and impaired prosocial emotions.
    • Unrestricted orientation is a risk factor interacting with early experiences to shape adult personality and relationship functioning.

Facial Features and Partner Preferences

  • Attractiveness and Sociosexual Orientation: Facial features, particularly masculine or feminine traits, signal underlying biological factors such as testosterone action.
    • Masculine features, like a wide face, wider space between eyes, wide nose, thin lips & a large lower face, are associated with perceived strength of the immune system, social dominance and attraction for short-term partners, especially by gay men and heterosexual women, for potential sexual partners.

Proximity and Assortative Mating

  • Propinquity Effect: Proximity or repeated encounters significantly influence friendship and romantic relationship formation.
    • People are more likely to develop relationships with those they encounter frequently.
    • This effect is partially random.
  • Assortative Mating: Partners are often systematically similar in physical attractiveness, education, values, mental well-being, personality traits, and mental health conditions. Similarity predicts longer-lasting relationships.

Love and Bonding

  • Love as Social Addiction: Social attachment may be a behavioral addiction, where individuals are addicted to social reward cues.
  • Components of Passionate Love: Passionate love encompasses:
    • Intense longing for union.
    • High reward from the sight, sound, smell, taste, and feel of the other.
    • Brain remodeling in frontal cortex and other brain regions.
    • Similarities to drug addiction (arousal, intensity, excitement, risk of negative emotions).

Passionate Love Scale

  • Cognitive, Emotional and Behavioral Manifestations: The scale assesses features of love, including preoccupation, idealization, attraction, longing, joy & negative emotions.
    • The scale highlights behaviours involved in caring for and getting to know another person.

Maturity and Passionate Love

  • Erikson's Stages: Identity development is crucial.
    • Fidelity(ability to have fulfilling relationships) stems from identity.
    • The intimacy vs. isolation stage is impacted by prior identity formation and is where relationships are established.
    • Loving a mature person requires that the partner does not experience difficulty establishing healthy relationships.

Power Motives and Relationships

  • Agency and Relationships: Agency is important for relationship success, but excessive power motivation can damage relationships.
  • Self Expansion Theory: Forming relationships with friends and partners helps people develop their agency by increasing their resources (physical, informational, and social) to achieve goals.
    • Partners will tend to absorb aspects of each other's identities through the expansion of experiences.

Love Components & Types

  • Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love: Love involves three components: intimacy, passion, and commitment.
    • Consummate love is comprised of all three elements.
    • Passionate love includes intimacy and passion
    • Companionate love includes intimacy and commitment, but not passion.
    • Fatuous love is less empirically supported.
  • Passion Diminishment with Time
    • Passion can decrease over time in long-term relationships and can return if people work less and children reach adulthood
    • Growing apart, or stopping the self-expansion of each other is one reason relationships may not last.

Dyadic Adjustment and Relationship Satisfaction

  • Dyadic Adjustment Scale: Assesses relationship characteristics like consensus on important matters. Quality relationships are based on a balance between caring and conflict.
  • Relationship Satisfaction: Key to overall well-being; satisfaction involves a positive attitude toward partners and the feeling that their needs are met.
    • Young adulthood satisfaction tends to decrease due to family and work stresses.
    • Relationship satisfaction can increase in middle adulthood for couples that stay together.

Quality of Marriage Index

  • Components of Relationship Satisfaction:
    • Couple interaction & communication
    • Intimacy
    • Time spent together
    • Sex
    • Need fulfillment
    • Relationship ideals

Social Partnerships

  • Social vs. Genetic Monogamy: Social monogamy, where couples share resources and raise offspring, is more prevalent than genetic monogamy (exclusive sexual contact).
    • Humans typically exhibit social monogamy with exceptions associated with high status males who demonstrate polygyny.
  • Human Mating Adaptations: Humans have physiological traits (e.g., smaller testicles, lower sperm counts) indicative of social monogamy.

Marriage

  • Marriage Across Cultures: Monogamy is the most common but not universally practiced marriage arrangement.
    • Polygyny leads to social complexities due to a higher amount of unpartnered males.
  • Polygyny Consequences:
    • Potential for violence, conflict, and societal instability.
    • Potential impacts on children, particularly in the area of mental health, and overall social adjustment.

Same-sex Marriage

  • Legalization Trends: Same-sex marriage has become increasingly legally recognized globally.

Unpartnered Adults

  • Unpartnered Individuals: Increased rates of unpartnered adults have lower economic and health outcomes, impacting this demographic compared to previously partnered adults.
    • Factors influence financial capacity, increasing societal isolation.

Intimate Partner Abuse

  • Definitions: Intimate partner violence (IPV) comprises physical, sexual, emotional, and psychological abuse.
  • Prevalence of IPV: Severe partner abuse affects nearly half of all American adults in their lifetime.

Nature and Causes of Aggression

  • Love vs. Power:
    • Aggression is used to assert power.
    • Self-regulation and dominance motivation are critical contributing factors.
  • Development of Aggression:
    • Prosocial behaviour influences aggression levels.
    • Adverse early environments impair self-regulation and thus increase violence potential.
  • Types of Abuse:
    • Situational couple violence
    • Intimate terrorism.
  • Reasons Victims Stay: Traumatic bonding

Consequences of Intimate Partner Violence

  • Impacts for Victims: High rates of injury, fear, mental health concerns, and other consequences.

Ultimate Causation and IPV

  • Evolutionary Perspectives: Human social structure may involve both caring and ownership bonds.
    • The prevalence of male-female domestic violence is not easily explained by current evolutionary theory. Alternative theories propose that other mating systems may have affected humans in ways that are not always clear.

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