Sociology: Types of Social Groups
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Questions and Answers

What differentiates a mass from a crowd?

  • Members are organized with a clear purpose
  • Members are physically together
  • Members are geographically dispersed (correct)
  • Members have direct interaction

    • A public is characterized by a lack of engagement and discussion among its members.

    False

    Give an example of a social movement.

    The Civil Rights Movement

    A ______ is a large collectivity where members share a common interest or issue and engage in discussions.

    <p>public</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Crowds = Gatherings with immediate interaction Masses = Geographically dispersed collectivity Publics = Dispersed collectivity engaging in discussion Social Movements = Organized efforts to promote social change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the behavior of a mass?

    <p>Unified behavior influenced by media exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Social movements have no clear purpose or leadership.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What fuels the action among crowds?

    <p>Collective anger or frustration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characteristics is NOT emphasized in Weber's ideal bureaucracy model?

    <p>Flexibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Iron Law of Oligarchy suggests that organizations become more democratic over time.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one primary advantage of Weber's model of bureaucracy?

    <p>Efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Parkinson's Law states that work expands to fill the time available for its completion, leading to _____.

    <p>inefficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts to their descriptions:

    <p>Iron Law of Oligarchy = Concentration of power into a small elite Parkinson's Law = Work expands to fill the time available Peter Principle = Employees rise to their level of incompetence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common critique of bureaucratic organizations?

    <p>Rigidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Weber believed that bureaucracy is the most effective form of organization for achieving goals in large entities.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one type of organization that typically utilizes bureaucratic structures.

    <p>Government agencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a negative effect of impersonality in bureaucracies?

    <p>Feeling devalued as individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Goal displacement in bureaucracies refers to maintaining the organization's primary goals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon occurs when employees become more concerned with following rules than achieving meaningful outcomes?

    <p>goal displacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bureaucracies may limit __________ and innovation due to conformity.

    <p>initiative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what scenario might patients feel depersonalized in a healthcare setting?

    <p>Being treated as cases rather than individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bureaucracies encourage employees to take risks and propose new ideas.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to employees feeling undervalued in a bureaucratic organization?

    <p>Lack of individual recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary finding of Milgram's obedience experiment?

    <p>Most participants obeyed the authority figure despite moral conflict</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable conclusion from Milgram's research?

    <p>Obedience to legitimate authority can conflict with personal morals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Participants in Milgram's experiment showed no signs of stress while administering shocks.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of workplace decisions, what is a common reason employees might agree with dominant opinions?

    <p>Fear of social repercussions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    People tend to act more ethically when following authority figures.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Milgram's experiment demonstrated the influence of _____ authority on individual behavior.

    <p>legitimate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives individuals to conform, according to Asch's study?

    <p>The drive to conform to social norms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their definitions:

    <p>Social Media Trends = Participation in popular trends despite personal beliefs Obedience to Authority = Compliance with requests from a legitimate authority Moral Conflict = Internal struggle between personal beliefs and actions Workplace Decisions = Agreeing with dominant opinions to avoid dissent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In military contexts, soldiers may feel a requirement to follow orders, even if they feel __________ about them.

    <p>uncomfortable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the examples to their contexts of obedience:

    <p>Corporate Scandals = Employees following questionable directives Military Orders = Soldiers carrying out commands Social Norms = Individuals doubting their own perceptions for acceptance Authority = Obeying commands even if unethical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of participants in Milgram's experiment administered shocks up to the highest voltage?

    <p>65%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a context where obedience may influence individual actions?

    <p>Personal hobbies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The calming presence of the authority figure contributed to higher obedience rates in Milgram's experiment.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Milgram's obedience experiment help to understand regarding human behavior during the Holocaust?

    <p>Obedience to authority</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Milgram's research suggests that obedience is weaker when authority is perceived as legitimate.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key insight about social behavior is highlighted by both Asch and Milgram's studies?

    <p>The influence of peer pressure and authority on individual actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary role of instrumental leaders?

    <p>Accomplishing specific, concrete goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Expressive leaders are important for maintaining a healthy and positive group environment.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two leadership styles mentioned in the content?

    <p>Autocratic and Democratic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ research illustrates how individuals may compromise their judgments to avoid being different.

    <p>Asch's</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of democratic leadership?

    <p>Decision-making can be slower</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the leadership styles with their characteristics:

    <p>Autocratic = Can lead to low morale and resentment Democratic = Boosts morale and engagement Laissez-Faire = Fosters creativity and independence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Laissez-Faire leadership guarantees high productivity and clear direction for teams.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it essential for leaders to adapt their styles based on group needs?

    <p>To effectively meet goals and maintain team dynamics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Social Groups

    • Social groups are collections of individuals who interact, share similarities, and have a sense of unity or identity. These groups have shared norms, values and goals and regularly interact.

    Types of Social Groups

    • Dyad: The smallest possible group, consisting of two people.
    • Triad: A group of three people.
    • Aggregates: Collections of people who share a physical space but don't see themselves as belonging together. Examples include people waiting in line or on public transportation.
    • Social Categories: Collections of people with similar characteristics (e.g., age, gender, occupation), but they may not interact directly.
    • Collectivities: Clusters of people interacting in a temporary manner for a common purpose. Examples include crowds, mobs, or riots.
    • Publics: Dispersed groups sharing common interests and engaging in discussion and debate.
    • Social Movements: More organized groups focused on social change, typically evolving from collectivities with a sustained purpose, leadership, and organized efforts.

    Types of Collectivities

    • Crowds: Temporary groups sharing a common location and a purpose.
    • Mobs and Riots: Crowds with high emotional intensity, sometimes resulting in violence or lawlessness.
    • Masses: Large collectives with geographically dispersed members, often interacting indirectly through media.

    Social Categories vs. Categories

    • Category: A broad grouping of individuals based on shared characteristics. These do not imply any social connection among members (e.g., people over 6 feet tall).
    • Social Category: A category with more social significance, based on a shared social characteristic or status within society. Members may experience similar societal roles, expectations (e.g., "teenagers").

    Types of Groups (By Social Ties and Interaction)

    • Primary Groups: Small, close-knit groups with enduring, personal relationships (e.g., family, close friends).
    • Secondary Groups: Large, formal, impersonal groups whose members pursue a shared goal (e.g., a sociology class, a political party).

    Types of Groups (By Self-Identification)

    • In-group: A group an individual feels loyalty and belonging toward, sharing common values and interests.
    • Out-group: A group an individual does not feel belonging to and may feel disdain or hostility toward.
    • Reference Groups: Groups which people use as standards for evaluating themselves, their situations, and behavior (but to which they do not necessarily belong).

    Types of Formal Organizations

    • Normative (or Voluntary): Formed by people sharing common values or interests, aimed at promoting social or cultural causes.
    • Coercive: People are compelled to join, often against their will (e.g., prisons).
    • Utilitarian: Established to provide specific goods, services, or financial gain (e.g., businesses, corporations).

    Power in Groups

    • Coercive Power: Based on the ability to enforce compliance through threats or punishment.
    • Utilitarian Power: Based on material rewards and incentives.
    • Normative Power: Based on shared values, ideals, and commitment to organizational goals.

    Group Involvement

    • There are three types of involvement from lower participants (members, employees, etc.):
    • Alienative Involvement: When members feel alienated, resentful, or hostile toward the organization.
    • Calculative Involvement: Transactional and rational involvement, based on perceived costs and benefits.
    • Moral Involvement: Deep commitment and identification with the organization's mission.

    Group Dynamics

    • Group dynamics encompass the processes and interactions among group members. Understanding these processes helps understand how groups achieve their goals.

    Group Leadership

    • Instrumental Leaders: Focused on achieving specific goals and task-oriented objectives.
    • Expressive Leaders: Focused on the emotional and relational needs of group members.

    Group Conformity

    • Conformity, as demonstrated in the Asch and Milgram experiments, highlights the powerful influence of peer pressure and authority on individual judgment.

    Bureaucracy

    • Bureaucracy is a system of administration characterized by strict hierarchy, division of labor, formal rules and procedures, impersonality, and employment based on qualifications.

    Problems with Bureaucracy

    • Rigidity and Lack of Flexibility: Strict rules make adaptation to changes difficult.
    • Red Tape and Inefficiency: Excessive procedures and paperwork slow down decision-making.
    • Impersonality and Dehumanization: Treating individuals as "cases" rather than unique individuals.
    • Goal Displacement: Prioritizing procedures and rules over goals.
    • Limited Initiative and Innovation: Discouraging deviation from established procedures.
    • Employee Alienation and Low Morale: Feeling disconnected from the organization due to strict rules and impersonal interactions.
    • Waste and Duplication of Efforts: Overlapping responsibilities and unnecessary duplication of work.

    Iron Law of Oligarchy:

    • The tendency of organizations to become controlled by a small group of leaders.

    Parkinson's Law:

    • Work expands to fill the time available.

    Peter Principle:

    • Employees are promoted until they reach their level of incompetence.

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    Social Groups PDF

    Description

    Explore the various types of social groups in this quiz, including dyads, triads, and collectivities. Understand the differences between aggregates, social categories, and more. Test your knowledge on how these groups interact and their characteristics.

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