Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is required for participants to have informed consent in an experiment?
What is required for participants to have informed consent in an experiment?
- All potential risks must be detailed to the participants beforehand.
- Participants need to understand enough about the experiment to make a decision. (correct)
- The experiment's purpose must be shared openly with the participants.
- Participants must be given a complete list of the experiment's procedures.
Which of the following must be ensured to protect participants in an experiment?
Which of the following must be ensured to protect participants in an experiment?
- Participants must be allowed to communicate their thoughts during the experiment.
- Participants should not experience harm or significant discomfort. (correct)
- Participants should be rewarded only if they complete the experiment.
- Participants must be kept fully unaware of any experimental deceptions.
What type of study involves natural environments but maintains some controlled variables?
What type of study involves natural environments but maintains some controlled variables?
- Observational study
- Lab experiment
- Meta-analysis
- Field experiment (correct)
What defines the essential characteristic of a theory?
What defines the essential characteristic of a theory?
Which method aims to understand a group or culture through observation without biases?
Which method aims to understand a group or culture through observation without biases?
What is the term for the level of agreement between independent observers coding a data set?
What is the term for the level of agreement between independent observers coding a data set?
What method assesses the relationship between two systematically measured variables?
What method assesses the relationship between two systematically measured variables?
What are derived from observations or existing frameworks and help guide research?
What are derived from observations or existing frameworks and help guide research?
What is the primary focus of the observational method?
What is the primary focus of the observational method?
What does interjudge reliability indicate in observational studies?
What does interjudge reliability indicate in observational studies?
In a correlational study, if two variables are positively correlated, which statement best describes their relationship?
In a correlational study, if two variables are positively correlated, which statement best describes their relationship?
What is typically assessed using the correlational method?
What is typically assessed using the correlational method?
Which of the following is an example of a negative correlation?
Which of the following is an example of a negative correlation?
What question does the experimental method primarily seek to answer?
What question does the experimental method primarily seek to answer?
Which of the following represents a limitation of observational methods?
Which of the following represents a limitation of observational methods?
In what way can the observational method be defined?
In what way can the observational method be defined?
What is the primary purpose of social psychologists in developing theories?
What is the primary purpose of social psychologists in developing theories?
Which characteristic is essential for a theory to be considered valid?
Which characteristic is essential for a theory to be considered valid?
How do hypotheses contribute to the process of testing theories?
How do hypotheses contribute to the process of testing theories?
What distinguishes facts from theories in scientific research?
What distinguishes facts from theories in scientific research?
What types of research methods are explicitly mentioned as part of social psychology?
What types of research methods are explicitly mentioned as part of social psychology?
What is a primary feature of a hypothesis in social psychology research?
What is a primary feature of a hypothesis in social psychology research?
Which of the following statements best describes the observational method?
Which of the following statements best describes the observational method?
Which area is NOT mentioned as being related to social psychology's focus on phenomena?
Which area is NOT mentioned as being related to social psychology's focus on phenomena?
What is the primary role of the independent variable in an experimental research method?
What is the primary role of the independent variable in an experimental research method?
Which of the following best describes a field experiment?
Which of the following best describes a field experiment?
What does replication in research refer to?
What does replication in research refer to?
In the context of meta-analysis, what is its primary purpose?
In the context of meta-analysis, what is its primary purpose?
What ethical consideration is emphasized for participants in an experiment?
What ethical consideration is emphasized for participants in an experiment?
What can be a consequence of a poorly designed experiment?
What can be a consequence of a poorly designed experiment?
What might be a reason participants do not mind being deceived in experiments?
What might be a reason participants do not mind being deceived in experiments?
Which statement about the dependent variable is correct?
Which statement about the dependent variable is correct?
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Study Notes
What is Research?
- Research is a systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources to establish facts and reach new conclusions.
- Research helps us learn more about the world.
How Sociologists Test Theories
- Sociologists study “big” phenomena and develop theories to explain them.
- Theories involve identifying constructs and variables relevant to the question.
- Sociologists seek to understand the antecedents of these phenomena.
- Theories are not only about what the phenomenon is, but also about what causes it and possible solutions.
- Theories must be testable.
Forming and Testing Theories
- Theories arise from observations, intuitions, or existing frameworks.
- Theories emphasize the need for testability using the scientific method.
- Theories must generate specific predictions called hypotheses, which can be tested through research.
Facts vs Theories
- Facts are observations with consensus within the scientific community.
- Theories are comprehensive explanations that summarize and provide context for observed facts.
Hypotheses
- Crucial for testing theories.
- Guide research, suggest areas of exploration and have practical applications.
Research Design
- Researchers use three types of methods: observational, correlational and experimental.
Observational Method
- Researchers attempt to understand a group or culture by observing it from the inside without imposing preconceived notions.
- This method provides a description of phenomena.
- Researchers use interjudge reliability to ensure observations are not subjective.
Correlational Method
- Researchers systematically measure two variables and assess their relationship.
- Enables prediction of one variable from the other.
- Positive correlation indicates a direct relationship between variables.
- Negative correlation indicates an inverse relationship between variables.
Experimental Method
- Researchers manipulate an independent variable and observe changes in a dependent variable.
- This method allows researchers to determine causality.
Field Experiment
- A study conducted in natural environments but with some controlled variables.
Replication and Meta-Analysis
- Replication: Repeating a study to confirm its findings.
- Meta-Analysis: Combining results from multiple studies to get a broader understanding.
Ethics of Experimentation
- Experiments must engage participants in real psychological processes.
- Experimenters must inform participants and make sure they leave feeling at least as good as when they arrived.
- Experimenters must use deception only if essential, justified, and not about aspects that would affect participation. Participants must be protected from harm and discomfort, and their information must be treated confidentially.
- Experiments must be fully explained afterwards, including any deception, unless feedback would be distressing.
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