Sociology of Health and Illness

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Questions and Answers

According to the data presented, how does life expectancy at age 25 vary between the highest and lowest income quintiles for men in Canada?

  • There is no significant difference in life expectancy between the highest and lowest income quintiles for men.
  • Men in the highest income quintile can expect to live approximately 12 years longer than those in the lowest.
  • Men in the highest income quintile can expect to live approximately 5 years longer than those in the lowest.
  • Men in the highest income quintile can expect to live approximately 8 years longer than those in the lowest. (correct)

Based on the information provided, which of the following is a key feature of the 'sick role' according to Talcott Parsons?

  • Individuals are exempt from normal social expectations but have a responsibility to seek competent help and try to recover. (correct)
  • Individuals are encouraged to indulge in their sickness to fully recover.
  • Individuals are held fully responsible for their illness and its impact on society.
  • Individuals are expected to remain in the sick role indefinitely to receive ongoing care.

Considering the trends in smoking prevalence in Canada between 1965 and 2020, which statement most accurately describes the change?

  • Smoking prevalence has decreased for men but increased for women.
  • Smoking prevalence has remained relatively stable for men but decreased for women.
  • Smoking prevalence has increased significantly for both men and women.
  • Smoking prevalence has decreased significantly for both men and women. (correct)

How does the age-specific mortality ratio for deaths from heart disease compare between men and women in 2023, based on the data provided?

<p>The mortality ratio is higher for men across all age ranges. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the information presented, what was a key change in Canada's food guide recommendations?

<p>Removal of recommended servings and emphasis on eating habits. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the agenda, what topics were covered in the sociology course?

<p>An introduction to sociology, sociological theory, culture, and socialization. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is the final exam scheduled for this course?

<p>Tuesday, April 8 from 1:00 p.m. to 2:45 p.m. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a student wanted to review the material covered in the lecture on 'The Sociology of Health and Medicine', which chapter should they refer to?

<p>Chapter 12 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of healthcare in Alberta is mentioned as an example of complexity, even in seemingly simple contexts?

<p>The funding of hospital parking. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which province is associated with the initial implementation of province-wide hospital insurance?

<p>Saskatchewan (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the data on mood disorders, which of the following age groups shows the highest prevalence among women?

<p>18 to 34 years (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided information, what is the Body Mass Index (BMI) formula?

<p>$Mass (kg) \div Height^2 (cm)$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of public health efforts related to food, what is one strategy that has been implemented or considered?

<p>Taxing certain food products. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the graph provided, which of the following statements accurately describes the trend in heavy drinking among 12-17 year olds in Canada between 2015 and 2022?

<p>Heavy drinking has remained relatively stable at a low percentage. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In relation to anxiety disorders, how do the prevalence rates generally differ between men and women across the age ranges?

<p>Women generally exhibit higher prevalence rates than men. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of gender with respect to mortality from cancer according to the chart?

<p>Males had a higher mortality rate from cancer than females at 85-89 years old. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Using the current Vaping in the last 30 days 2019-2022 chart, which age range appears to have increased in vaping?

<p>The 20-24 age range saw the biggest increase from 2019-2022. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How prevalent was obesity as a percentage of men vs women in 2023, based on the Tackling Obesity graph?

<p>Obesity was equally as prevalent in men and women in Canada. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of health behaviors, how does adherence to physical activity recommendations (150 min/week for adults 18+) compare between males and females in Canada?

<p>Males are more likely to meet the recommended physical activity levels than females. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Regarding alcohol consumption trends in Canada, what is the relationship of the 15-19 cohort and the total alcohol consumption of Canadians?

<p>The 15-19 cohort experiences a declining rate of alcohol consumption by comparison. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has that trended, between 2015 and 2022, of the differences in heavy drinking between males minus the percentage of female heavy drinkers?

<p>The overall gender gap has narrowed. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is there a gender gap when it comes to following the Canada food guide recommendations?

<p>There is not a large difference, but males are more likely to follow daily physical activity recommendations, while women follow more fruit and vegetable guidance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information, which province initially tested socialized health care?

<p>Saskatchewan (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Socioeconomic Gradient in Health

Disparities in health outcomes based on socioeconomic status.

Life Expectancy and Income

Men in the highest income bracket live ~8 years longer than those in the lowest; women, ~5 years.

Gender and Mortality

The primary causes of death differ noticeably between men and women.

Health Behaviors

Smoking, alcohol consumption, and vaping.

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Smoking Trends in Canada

Daily smoking has decreased in Canada between 1965-2020.

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Heavy Drinking in Canada

The percentage of Canadians who are heavy drinkers in specific age groups.

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Body Mass Index (BMI)

A measure of body fat based on height and weight.

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Obesity

A condition of excess body fat, with a BMI of 30 or higher.

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Overweight/Obesity Trends

Canadians exceed their ideal weight. The trend is increasing over time.

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Canada's Food Guide

Guidance from Health Canada; emphasizes whole foods.

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The Sick Role

Duties & exemptions granted those ill.

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Study Notes

Sociology of Health and Illness

  • This chapter of the text covers sociology of Health and Illness

Previously Reviewed Topics

  • The major causes of mortality in Canada were reviewed
  • Avoidable mortality
  • Socioeconomic gradient in health
  • The Canada Health Act
  • Health care expenditures

Socioeconomic Status and Health

  • Men in the highest income bracket often live eight years longer and in better health, compared to those in the lowest income bracket
  • Women experience a five-year difference in life expectancy across income brackets

Life Expectancy at Age 25 for Canadians by Income and Gender

  • Life expectancy for Canadians at age 25 broken down by income quintiles and gender
  • Q1 (lowest) is the lowest income
  • Q5 (highest) is the highest income

Life Expectancy at Age 65 for Canadians by Income and Gender

  • Life expectancy for Canadians at age 65 broken down by income quintiles and gender
  • Q1 (lowest) is the lowest income
  • Q5 (highest) is the highest income

Gender and Mortality

  • Age-specific mortality ratio for deaths from cancer in 2023, compared between men and women across age ranges
  • Age-specific mortality ratio for deaths from heart disease in 2023, compared between men and women across age ranges
  • Age-specific mortality ratio for deaths from accidents in 2023, compared between men and women across age ranges
  • Age-specific mortality ratio for deaths from cerebrovascular disease in 2023, compared between men and women across age ranges
  • Age-specific mortality ratio for deaths from chronic lower respiratory diseases in 2023, compared between men and women across age ranges
  • Age-specific mortality ratio for deaths from suicide in 2023, compared between men and women across age ranges

Mood and Anxiety Disorder Prevalence

  • The number of people with mood disorders in the previous 12-month period in 2023, compared between women and men across age ranges
  • The number of people with anxiety disorders in the previous 12-month period in 2023, compared between women and men across age ranges

Health Behaviors

  • Key health behaviors include smoking, alcohol consumption, and vaping rates in Canada

Smoking Prevalence in Canada (1965-2020)

Daily Smoking by Age and Gender

  • Percentage of Canadians who smoke daily, broken down by age and gender
  • Data is from 2015 to 2021

Vaping in Canada (2019-2022)

  • Vaping rates in Canada within the last 30 days, from 2019 to 2022, categorized by age range

Heavy Drinking in Canada (2022)

  • Percentage of specific age groups defined as heavy drinkers in Canada in 2022
  • Heavy drinking is defined as males reporting 5+ drinks or females reporting 4+ drinks on one occasion at least once a month
  • The percentage of heavy drinkers has generally remained constant from 2015 to 2022

Gender Gap in Heavy Drinking

  • The gender gap in heavy drinking has changed in recent years.
  • Heavy drinking refers to males reporting 5 or more drinks, or women reporting 4 or more drinks, on one occasion, at least once a month in the past year
  • Shows the gap as the percentage of male heavy drinkers minus the percentage of female heavy drinkers.

Alcohol Consumption

  • Alcohol consumption statistics are tracked by observing past 12 months consumption of alcohol by age group as a relative percentage in Canada from 2008-2023
  • Alcohol consumption compared between overall population and those aged 15-19

Health Behaviours by Gender (2021)

  • Specific health behaviors by male/female percentages in Canada in 2021:
  • 150 minutes of activity per week (18+)
  • 60 minutes activity / day (12-17)
  • Fruit and veg, 5+ / day

Food and Health: Obesity

  • The chapter also examines the relation between food and health and Obesity

Body Mass Index (BMI)

  • Body Mass Index (BMI) is calculated as mass (kg) ÷ height² (cm)
  • BMI is also calculated as [mass (lb) ÷ height² (in)] × 703

BMI Chart

  • The BMI determines peoples weight class, from underweight to obesity, ranging from class I-III
  • The percentage of Canadians 18 years and older who are overweight or obese
  • Statistics Canada. Table 13-10-0905-01 Health characteristics, annual estimates.
  • Percentage of Canadians 18 and over who are overweight or obese from 1970 to 2030
  • Public Health Agency of Canada: Tackling Obesity in Canada: Obesity and Excess Weight Rates in Canadian Adults

Obesity Rates by Gender

  • Canadian obesity rates by gender
  • Public Health Agency of Canada: Tackling Obesity in Canada: Obesity and Excess Weight Rates in Canadian Adults

Food and Health: (Public) Health Efforts

  • The chapter also examines public health efforts in diet and health

Canadian Food Guide Guidelines

  • Key messages:
    • Eat regularly
    • What to eat regularly
    • Foods to avoid/reduce
    • How to eat together and prepare homemade foods

Canada’s Food Guide Policy Development

  • During the development of the new food guide, Health Canada's Office of Nutrition Policy and Promotion did not meet with food and beverage industry representatives
  • The online public consultations were open to all stakeholders, including industry

Contemporary Health Care Systems

  • The chapter also examines health care systems

Hospital Parking

  • Even the most simple thing in this context is complex, for example looking at hospital parking:
    • Government funds not allowed in Alberta
    • Sizeable revenue and expense
    • What is the average costs for patients

History of Health Care Systems

  • Key developments in health care systems in Saskatchewan and Canada nationwide.
  • In the1910s and 1920s Municipal hospitals began in Saskatchewan
  • In 1947 Province-wide hospital insurance began in Saskatchewan
  • In 1957, The Hospital Insurance and Diagnostic Services Act was introduced nation-wide
  • In 1962 Saskatchewan Medical Care Insurance Act was developed
  • In 1966 The Medical Care Act was developed nation-wide
  • In 1984 Canada Health Act was developed nation-wide

The Meaning of Health and Illness

  • The chapter also examine the meaning of health and illness

The Sick Role (Talcott Parsons)

  • Illness is an identity and social role
  • Rights:
    • Those who are sick are not held responsible for their situation
    • Those who are sick are exempt from normal expectations Responsibilities
    • Those who are sick should try to get better and shouldn't excessively indulge in being sick
    • Those who are sick should seek competent help

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