Sociology of Deviance and Crime

Actions that violate social norms, but may or may not be against the law.

Certain behaviors that require social control and are codified in law; actions against the criminal code.

Methods used to encourage conformity to social norms, either formal or informal.

Laws serve to resolve conflict and maintain social order.

Attributing criminal behavior to supernatural forces, like witchcraft or evil spirits.

Try to explain why specific people commit crimes.

Acceptable standards and expectations within a society.

Methods used to manage disputes and disagreements.

The belief that human behavior, including crime, is based on physiological factors or inherited traits.

A discredited early 19th-century theory that studied skull shape to determine character and mental abilities.

Lombroso's idea that criminals are throwbacks to earlier stages of human evolution.

Breakdown of social trust and order in a community, leading to higher crime rates.

Theories that emphasis interactions between people and society.

A theory that explains how a social label influences a person's self-perception and behavior.

Minor norm violations that don't lead to a change in the person's identity or behavior.

Deviance that arises when individuals internalize the negative label given to them.

A theory that suggests those in power influence the laws and justice system.

Different types of crimes with varying levels of detection and impact.

The dominant and idealized form of masculinity in a society, often associated with traits like strength, aggression, and emotional suppression.

Harmful attitudes and behaviors in men that stem from the pressure to conform to hegemonic masculinity.

This theory suggests that men and women have distinct roles that complement each other, maintaining social stability.

Instrumental roles focus on providing for the family (men), while expressive roles focus on nurturing and emotional support (women).

This theory emphasizes how power imbalances and control over resources shape gender differences.

This theory examines how social interactions and meanings shape our understanding of gender.

The idea that we actively perform our gender roles through our behaviors and interactions.

Sex refers to biological differences, while gender is a social construct that represents our understanding of male and female.

An understanding of gender that goes beyond the traditional male/female binary. Individuals may identify as neither, both, or somewhere in between.

A stylistic performance where individuals dress up as a gender different from their assigned sex at birth. It's about gender expression, not necessarily identification.

A term used by some Indigenous North American communities to describe individuals who embody traditional non-conforming gender roles, transcending the binary.

The process of learning gender roles and expectations within the family, starting from birth.

Unequal distribution of household tasks and responsibilities based on gender.

Implicit messages and values conveyed in education, often reinforcing gender stereotypes.

The way media perpetuates and reinforces gender roles and expectations.

The belief that gender is a binary and that there are natural differences between men and women.

Refers to the biological differences between males and females, based on physical anatomy and reproductive organs.

Socially constructed roles, behaviors, and identities associated with being male or female. It is learned through cultural norms and expectations.

Traits and behaviors typically associated with men. These can include strength, dominance, and stoicism.

Traits and behaviors typically associated with women. Theses can include gentleness, nurturing, and emotional expression.

An ideal version of femininity that emphasizes traits like beauty, availability, and support for men. It is a constructed image that women are often pressured to conform to.

A person's gender identity aligns with the sex they were assigned at birth.

Individuals born with sex characteristics that don't fit typical male or female definitions. They may have a mix of male and female anatomy, or both.

An umbrella term for people whose gender identity differs from the sex they were assigned at birth.

People who don't identify exclusively as male or female. Their gender may fall outside the binary, or be fluid and change over time.

Questioning the limitations of the male/female binary in understanding sex and gender. It acknowledges the diversity and fluidity of human identities.

Raising children without emphasizing traditional gender roles or expectations.

Unwritten rules and values taught in schools that reinforce gender stereotypes.

How media portrays and reinforces gender roles and expectations.

Negative outcomes for both men and society due to toxic masculinity.

Media portrayals that reinforce traditional gender roles and expectations.

Barriers and obstacles that prevent full gender equality.

A system where men hold power and dominance, justified by beliefs about gender roles.

The difference in earnings between men and women doing the same work, with women typically earning less.

Fields of work dominated by women, often with lower pay and prestige, like teaching or nursing.

An invisible barrier that prevents women from advancing to top positions in their careers.

The burden of managing both paid work and unpaid domestic work, often falling disproportionately on women.

The disproportionate targeting of women with violence, including domestic violence and sexual assault.

The overlapping and interconnected nature of oppression, highlighting how race, class, gender, and ability can combine to create different experiences.

Views traditional gender roles as beneficial for societal cohesion, assigning men instrumental roles (providers) and women expressive roles (caretakers).

Links gender inequality to capitalism and private property, arguing that traditional roles are outcomes of economic systems that exploit women.

Explores how gender is performed and socially constructed through interactions, with socialization agents reinforcing gender norms.

A concept highlighting how race, class, gender, and disability intersect to amplify inequality.

An approach used in institutions like Canada's to uncover systemic inequities by considering the overlapping impacts of different social categories.

Traditional gender roles and stereotypes contribute to and perpetuate gender inequality.