Sociology Final Exam Flashcards Part 1

Questions and Answers

What is the struggle between two statuses called?

Role Conflict

Which of the following would NOT illustrate homophily?

People of all different classes and ethnicities are interacting at a block party. (correct)

Friends who share common interests.

A school having students from similar socioeconomic statuses.

People of similar backgrounds only attend exclusive clubs.

To say all members of your class are Rattlers suggests you have a common what?

Status category

Ignoring sensory information from a private bathroom stall is an example of what?

Negative interpersonal ritual Signup and view all the answers

What are you managing if you comb your hair and check your teeth before class?

Personal Front Signup and view all the answers

How is deviance best defined?

Behavior that does not conform to norms and expectations Signup and view all the answers

What changes when a dyad relationship becomes a triad?

The number of possible interactions increases Signup and view all the answers

What did Michels label the concentration of power at the top of a bureaucratic organization?

The iron law of oligarchy Signup and view all the answers

How does social support relate to social networks?

Social support tends to come from our social networks Signup and view all the answers

Miley Cyrus and former Disney pop stars represent a _______ group to children and tweens.

Reference Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a social group according to sociologists?

A volleyball team Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a primary group from a secondary group?

The level of emotional attachment Signup and view all the answers

What was Solomon Asch trying to uncover in his experiments?

How groups promote conformity Signup and view all the answers

What is referred to when athletes practice acceptable behaviors that were once deemed deviant?

Overconformity Signup and view all the answers

Parents warn kids to stay away from certain people, applying the _______ theory.

Differential association Signup and view all the answers

Why did Durkheim argue that societies need deviance as a source of creativity?

Totally conformist societies are repressive and limit human possibility Signup and view all the answers

What we define as normal and abnormal behavior depends on what?

Context Signup and view all the answers

If we applied a functionalist interpretation to deviance, then the bikini would be viewed as what?

A source of innovation Signup and view all the answers

Which theory argues that behavior is regulated by the degree to which we are attached to major social institutions?

Control Theory Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are core concepts that sociology is founded on?

Power Signup and view all the answers

What is referred to as the shift towards democracy and reliance on reason and science during the 18th and 19th centuries?

Modernity Signup and view all the answers

According to functionalist theory, persistent overcrowding in classrooms is a ________.

Dysfunction Signup and view all the answers

Which theorist views society as being shaped by economic competition and struggle for power?

Marx Signup and view all the answers

What term do sociologists use to describe a collection of propositions explaining social phenomena?

Social Theory Signup and view all the answers

Which term defines the shared values within a society?

Collective Conscience Signup and view all the answers

What best summarizes Emile Durkheim's view of the social world?

Societies' shared values and goals allow for cultural growth. Signup and view all the answers

Which social thinker believed that rationalization replaced tradition as the basis for organizing society?

Weber Signup and view all the answers

Who viewed society's focus in terms of stability and change?

Comte Signup and view all the answers

What is the core belief of positivism?

Knowledge must be based on evidence. Signup and view all the answers

The marriage tax credit for U.S. married couples represents a _______ according to functionalist theory.

Latent function Signup and view all the answers

What term did Durkheim use to describe normlessness in society?

Anomie Signup and view all the answers

What type of data is Bryan using if he collects homicide and suicide statistics?

Quantitative Signup and view all the answers

A sampling method that involves selecting cases by chance is called _____ sampling.

Random Signup and view all the answers

Which research method is associated with convenience and absence of a researcher's presence?

Secondary analysis of existing sources Signup and view all the answers

What does informed consent ensure before beginning interviews?

Risks and benefits of participation are explained. Signup and view all the answers

A hypothesis is primarily useful for what type of research?

Quantitative research Signup and view all the answers

What type of method represents an online series of questions with a response scale from 0 to 5?

Survey Signup and view all the answers

What is the dependent variable when studying how tutoring impacts students' test scores?

Students' test scores Signup and view all the answers

A/n _______ is a type of research analysis technique to systematically summarize and analyze communication content.

Content Analysis Signup and view all the answers

Using _______ is when students edit and review papers before submission.

Peer-review process Signup and view all the answers

Knowledge is referred to as _____ by sociologists.

Cultural capital Signup and view all the answers

What do sociologists label two or more values that support each other?

Value cluster Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a more and a folkway?

Mores are more strictly enforced than folkways. Signup and view all the answers

What does the disagreement between U.S. elected Republicans and Democrats represent?

Culture war Signup and view all the answers

When a college student forgoes personal grooming, which cultural aspect has he violated?

Folkway Signup and view all the answers

When a student wears a cross around his neck in public, he is enacting culture at the ____ level.

Micro Signup and view all the answers

According to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, variations in the _____ of languages alter speakers' thoughts and behavior.

Structure of language Signup and view all the answers

What do students experience when confronted with unfamiliar practices in a new environment?

Culture shock Signup and view all the answers

What are the distinctive assumptions underlying the belief that women are better nurturers?

Natural assumptions Signup and view all the answers

What cultural enactment occurs at the meso or institutional level?

When crucifixes are hung in campus classrooms Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the phenomenon when norms for technological advances are not keeping pace?

Cultural lag Signup and view all the answers

When I bring my phone to the dinner table, I am enacting the __ culture and violating the _ culture.

Real, Ideal Signup and view all the answers

When students say, 'Good Morning, Mrs. Jones,' they are using a widely adopted structured conversational technique known as a/an _____

Convention Signup and view all the answers

What approach examines how people make sense of daily activities?

Ethnomethodology Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean to say that social structures are enduring?

Social structures are persistent patterns of behaviors and relations. Signup and view all the answers

What was not well received when addressing my mom by her first name to reveal social structures?

Breaching experiment Signup and view all the answers

If you are a big brother or sister, this constitutes a/an ____ status.

Achieved Signup and view all the answers

When you attend class in conventional formats, you are ______ the social structure of the university.

Reproducing Signup and view all the answers

What type of social institution profoundly affects our social lives?

Primary Signup and view all the answers

Which social institution influences our lives: Family, Religion, Sports, or Economy?

Religion Signup and view all the answers

What are the six bases of power in small groups according to French and Raven?

Legitimate Signup and view all the answers

What is Antonio Gramsci's concept of power as hegemony based on?

The manipulation of ideas to manufacture consent Signup and view all the answers

In Dahl's explanation, what creates dependency in sibling power dynamics?

Non-substitutability of the resource Signup and view all the answers

What strategy for empowerment involves reaching outside one's immediate contacts?

Networking Signup and view all the answers

What principle of McDonaldization is shown by urgent care clinics focusing on efficiency?

Efficiency Signup and view all the answers

Which principle in McDonaldization is represented by the automation of service processes?

Control over uncertainty Signup and view all the answers

What strategy do college students use to work towards achieving a common goal?

Organization Signup and view all the answers

What power tactic may involve a threat from an older sibling?

Coercion Signup and view all the answers

What type of power does a manager have if employees respect his credentials?

Expert Signup and view all the answers

What are the two key components of Weber's definition of power?

Ability to bring about an outcome, even when opposed. Signup and view all the answers

What power tactic is a manager using if he employs rhetoric to persuade employees?

Rational Signup and view all the answers

_____ is movement from one stratum of a stratification system to another.

Social Mobility Signup and view all the answers

What type of socialization occurs as one engages in new workplace practices?

Occupational Signup and view all the answers

What term describes kids playing dress-up or school as a form of socialization?

Anticipatory socialization Signup and view all the answers

What does hidden curriculum convey about gender-appropriate behavior?

The implicit lessons about social norms. Signup and view all the answers

What systems of stratification allow virtually no social mobility?

Based on ascribed status Signup and view all the answers

Which agent of socialization is focused on teaching cultural knowledge?

Schools Signup and view all the answers

Which sociologist believed in class-based values socialization?

Melvin Kohn Signup and view all the answers

What factor is essential for the survival of stratification systems?

Ideology Signup and view all the answers

What does intersubjectivity allow us to do?

Continually construct a social reality. Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the brain's ability to change in response to social situations?

Brain Plasticity Signup and view all the answers

In which stage of Mead's development do children not fully understand their actions?

Pre-play Signup and view all the answers

What classification do Cooley and Mead's theories belong to?

Symbolic Interactionist Signup and view all the answers

When do historical events significantly shape a generation's perspective, according to Mannheim?

Adolescence Signup and view all the answers

What is concluded in the modern discussion of the nature versus nurture debate?

Genes and biology interact with the social environment. Signup and view all the answers

What process did Ann experience when leaving her convent life?

Resocialization Signup and view all the answers

What do sociologists call the common understanding arising from shared experiences?

Intersubjectivity Signup and view all the answers

According to Mead, what component expresses our spontaneous social self?

I Signup and view all the answers

What does Cooley's perspective highlight about self-development?

Imaging one's image in the eyes of others. Signup and view all the answers

At what age does 'old old age' begin?

85 Signup and view all the answers

What is the order of Mead's stages of self-development?

Pre-play, play, game, and generalized other Signup and view all the answers

Why do teachers experience role strain with students?

Support students despite failing grades. Signup and view all the answers

What is the accurate status hierarchy in U.S. society?

University president, vice president, professor, student Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of backstage behavior?

A college student in his dorm room hanging out between classes Signup and view all the answers

What is a social network?

The collection of social ties connecting people to each other. Signup and view all the answers

What defines a status hierarchy?

Some statuses have more social prestige than others. Signup and view all the answers

What is the three-step process that Berger and Luckmann suggest in constructing reality?

Externalization, Objectivation, Internalization Signup and view all the answers

What does Benny experience when redefining his identity as he turns twelve?

Role exit Signup and view all the answers

Darren feels he isn't spending enough time with his children while working overtime. What does this reflect?

Role strain Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Core Concepts of Sociology

Sociology is built upon three foundational concepts: power, structure, and culture.

Historical Development

Sociology emerged in Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries due to increased democracy, personal freedom, and reliance on reason and science, a shift known as modernity.

Theoretical Perspectives

Functionalist theory identifies persistent classroom overcrowding as a dysfunction that can negatively affect schools' educational effectiveness.
Karl Marx argued that society is shaped by an economic base, leading to competition and unequal resource distribution.
Emile Durkheim emphasized that shared values and goals within societies promote cultural growth.
Max Weber believed rationalization replaced tradition as the organizational basis of society.

Sociological Terms

Social theory is a collection of propositions that explain social phenomena.
Collective conscience defines the shared values within a society.
Anomie refers to normlessness in society, which can lead to societal breakdown.

Research Methods

Quantitative data, like homicide and suicide statistics, allows for the examination of relationships between variables.
Random sampling is a method where cases are selected by chance.
Secondary analysis provides a cost-effective research method by analyzing existing sources.
Informed consent ensures participants are aware of risks and benefits in research studies.
Surveys involve a series of questions with response scales.

Variables and Analysis

In research, the dependent variable represents the outcomes being measured, such as students' test scores.
Content analysis summarizes and analyzes various forms of communication systematically.
The peer-review process involves another student reviewing a research paper for quality assurance.

A culture war represents disagreements over significant social issues, demonstrating conflicting values.
Mores are strictly enforced societal norms, while folkways are informal customs.
The micro level of culture involves practical enactments, such as wearing symbols or conduct in social settings.
Cultural lag is the gap between technological advancements and societal norms adapting to them.

Socialization and Institutions

Agents of socialization, such as schools, play a primary role in teaching cultural values.
Melvin Kohn posited that parents instill class-based values and behaviors in children.
Social mobility refers to the ability to move between different strata of a stratification system.

Power Dynamics

French and Raven identified six bases of power: reward, legitimate, and expert power.
Hegemony, as conceptualized by Antonio Gramsci, involves manipulating ideas to gain consent.
Organizations leverage strategies like networking to empower individuals.

Roles and Status

Role strain occurs when individuals face conflicting demands from different roles.
Role conflict arises when the expectations of different roles clash.
Exit roles signify movement away from a specific status, such as Benny's transition from being a child to a mature identity.

Group Dynamics

Primary groups are foundational to social life, while secondary groups serve more to distract or support social engagement.
Homophily illustrates the tendency for similar individuals to associate with each other.

Theoretical Constructs

Interactions and perceptions from others shape individual development, as indicated by Cooley’s theory of the self.
Mead's developmental stages include pre-play, play, game, and generalized other, illustrating social learning.

Deviance and Interaction

Deviance is behavior that does not conform to societal norms.
The transition from dyad to triad introduces more potential interaction dynamics within social structures.

Conclusion

Sociological concepts encompass a vast array of theories, terms, and research methods that together help in understanding human behavior and social organization.### Emotional Attachment
The level of emotional attachment influences relationships and behaviors.

Solomon Asch's Experiments

Asch's experiments focused on understanding how groups influence individual conformity.

Overconformity in Sports

Wrestlers may fast and wear additional layers to meet weight requirements, exemplifying overconformity to sports norms.
Overconformity refers to adhering excessively to accepted sports behaviors that were previously viewed as deviant.

Differential Association Theory

Parents warn children about certain peers based on their perceived influence, applying differential association theory.
This theory posits that behaviors are learned through interactions with others.

Durkheim's View on Deviance

Émile Durkheim argued that some deviance fosters creativity and innovation within societies.
Societies that are overly conformist may restrict human potential and self-expression.

Contextual Normalcy

Definitions of what is considered normal or abnormal behavior vary significantly based on context, culture, and societal norms.

Functionalist View on Deviance

From a functionalist perspective, items like the bikini can be interpreted as sources of innovation rather than purely deviant.

Control Theory

Control theory suggests that behavior is regulated by an individual's emotional and social ties to major institutions, such as family and education.

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Description

Prepare for your Sociology final exam with this comprehensive set of flashcards focusing on key concepts, historical development, and foundational theories in sociology. Each card provides essential definitions and insights into the core elements of the discipline.