Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the struggle between two statuses called?
What is the struggle between two statuses called?
Role Conflict
Which of the following would NOT illustrate homophily?
Which of the following would NOT illustrate homophily?
- People of all different classes and ethnicities are interacting at a block party. (correct)
- Friends who share common interests.
- A school having students from similar socioeconomic statuses.
- People of similar backgrounds only attend exclusive clubs.
To say all members of your class are Rattlers suggests you have a common what?
To say all members of your class are Rattlers suggests you have a common what?
Status category
Ignoring sensory information from a private bathroom stall is an example of what?
Ignoring sensory information from a private bathroom stall is an example of what?
What are you managing if you comb your hair and check your teeth before class?
What are you managing if you comb your hair and check your teeth before class?
How is deviance best defined?
How is deviance best defined?
What changes when a dyad relationship becomes a triad?
What changes when a dyad relationship becomes a triad?
What did Michels label the concentration of power at the top of a bureaucratic organization?
What did Michels label the concentration of power at the top of a bureaucratic organization?
How does social support relate to social networks?
How does social support relate to social networks?
Miley Cyrus and former Disney pop stars represent a _______ group to children and tweens.
Miley Cyrus and former Disney pop stars represent a _______ group to children and tweens.
What is an example of a social group according to sociologists?
What is an example of a social group according to sociologists?
What distinguishes a primary group from a secondary group?
What distinguishes a primary group from a secondary group?
What was Solomon Asch trying to uncover in his experiments?
What was Solomon Asch trying to uncover in his experiments?
What is referred to when athletes practice acceptable behaviors that were once deemed deviant?
What is referred to when athletes practice acceptable behaviors that were once deemed deviant?
Parents warn kids to stay away from certain people, applying the _______ theory.
Parents warn kids to stay away from certain people, applying the _______ theory.
Why did Durkheim argue that societies need deviance as a source of creativity?
Why did Durkheim argue that societies need deviance as a source of creativity?
What we define as normal and abnormal behavior depends on what?
What we define as normal and abnormal behavior depends on what?
If we applied a functionalist interpretation to deviance, then the bikini would be viewed as what?
If we applied a functionalist interpretation to deviance, then the bikini would be viewed as what?
Which theory argues that behavior is regulated by the degree to which we are attached to major social institutions?
Which theory argues that behavior is regulated by the degree to which we are attached to major social institutions?
Which of the following are core concepts that sociology is founded on?
Which of the following are core concepts that sociology is founded on?
What is referred to as the shift towards democracy and reliance on reason and science during the 18th and 19th centuries?
What is referred to as the shift towards democracy and reliance on reason and science during the 18th and 19th centuries?
According to functionalist theory, persistent overcrowding in classrooms is a ________.
According to functionalist theory, persistent overcrowding in classrooms is a ________.
Which theorist views society as being shaped by economic competition and struggle for power?
Which theorist views society as being shaped by economic competition and struggle for power?
What term do sociologists use to describe a collection of propositions explaining social phenomena?
What term do sociologists use to describe a collection of propositions explaining social phenomena?
Which term defines the shared values within a society?
Which term defines the shared values within a society?
What best summarizes Emile Durkheim's view of the social world?
What best summarizes Emile Durkheim's view of the social world?
Which social thinker believed that rationalization replaced tradition as the basis for organizing society?
Which social thinker believed that rationalization replaced tradition as the basis for organizing society?
Who viewed society's focus in terms of stability and change?
Who viewed society's focus in terms of stability and change?
What is the core belief of positivism?
What is the core belief of positivism?
The marriage tax credit for U.S. married couples represents a _______ according to functionalist theory.
The marriage tax credit for U.S. married couples represents a _______ according to functionalist theory.
What term did Durkheim use to describe normlessness in society?
What term did Durkheim use to describe normlessness in society?
What type of data is Bryan using if he collects homicide and suicide statistics?
What type of data is Bryan using if he collects homicide and suicide statistics?
A sampling method that involves selecting cases by chance is called _____ sampling.
A sampling method that involves selecting cases by chance is called _____ sampling.
Which research method is associated with convenience and absence of a researcher's presence?
Which research method is associated with convenience and absence of a researcher's presence?
What does informed consent ensure before beginning interviews?
What does informed consent ensure before beginning interviews?
A hypothesis is primarily useful for what type of research?
A hypothesis is primarily useful for what type of research?
What type of method represents an online series of questions with a response scale from 0 to 5?
What type of method represents an online series of questions with a response scale from 0 to 5?
What is the dependent variable when studying how tutoring impacts students' test scores?
What is the dependent variable when studying how tutoring impacts students' test scores?
A/n _______ is a type of research analysis technique to systematically summarize and analyze communication content.
A/n _______ is a type of research analysis technique to systematically summarize and analyze communication content.
Using _______ is when students edit and review papers before submission.
Using _______ is when students edit and review papers before submission.
Knowledge is referred to as _____ by sociologists.
Knowledge is referred to as _____ by sociologists.
What do sociologists label two or more values that support each other?
What do sociologists label two or more values that support each other?
What is the difference between a more and a folkway?
What is the difference between a more and a folkway?
What does the disagreement between U.S. elected Republicans and Democrats represent?
What does the disagreement between U.S. elected Republicans and Democrats represent?
When a college student forgoes personal grooming, which cultural aspect has he violated?
When a college student forgoes personal grooming, which cultural aspect has he violated?
When a student wears a cross around his neck in public, he is enacting culture at the ____ level.
When a student wears a cross around his neck in public, he is enacting culture at the ____ level.
According to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, variations in the _____ of languages alter speakers' thoughts and behavior.
According to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, variations in the _____ of languages alter speakers' thoughts and behavior.
What do students experience when confronted with unfamiliar practices in a new environment?
What do students experience when confronted with unfamiliar practices in a new environment?
What are the distinctive assumptions underlying the belief that women are better nurturers?
What are the distinctive assumptions underlying the belief that women are better nurturers?
What cultural enactment occurs at the meso or institutional level?
What cultural enactment occurs at the meso or institutional level?
What term describes the phenomenon when norms for technological advances are not keeping pace?
What term describes the phenomenon when norms for technological advances are not keeping pace?
When I bring my phone to the dinner table, I am enacting the ______ culture and violating the _____ culture.
When I bring my phone to the dinner table, I am enacting the ______ culture and violating the _____ culture.
When students say, 'Good Morning, Mrs. Jones,' they are using a widely adopted structured conversational technique known as a/an _____
When students say, 'Good Morning, Mrs. Jones,' they are using a widely adopted structured conversational technique known as a/an _____
What approach examines how people make sense of daily activities?
What approach examines how people make sense of daily activities?
What does it mean to say that social structures are enduring?
What does it mean to say that social structures are enduring?
What was not well received when addressing my mom by her first name to reveal social structures?
What was not well received when addressing my mom by her first name to reveal social structures?
If you are a big brother or sister, this constitutes a/an ____ status.
If you are a big brother or sister, this constitutes a/an ____ status.
When you attend class in conventional formats, you are ______ the social structure of the university.
When you attend class in conventional formats, you are ______ the social structure of the university.
What type of social institution profoundly affects our social lives?
What type of social institution profoundly affects our social lives?
Which social institution influences our lives: Family, Religion, Sports, or Economy?
Which social institution influences our lives: Family, Religion, Sports, or Economy?
What are the six bases of power in small groups according to French and Raven?
What are the six bases of power in small groups according to French and Raven?
What is Antonio Gramsci's concept of power as hegemony based on?
What is Antonio Gramsci's concept of power as hegemony based on?
In Dahl's explanation, what creates dependency in sibling power dynamics?
In Dahl's explanation, what creates dependency in sibling power dynamics?
What strategy for empowerment involves reaching outside one's immediate contacts?
What strategy for empowerment involves reaching outside one's immediate contacts?
What principle of McDonaldization is shown by urgent care clinics focusing on efficiency?
What principle of McDonaldization is shown by urgent care clinics focusing on efficiency?
Which principle in McDonaldization is represented by the automation of service processes?
Which principle in McDonaldization is represented by the automation of service processes?
What strategy do college students use to work towards achieving a common goal?
What strategy do college students use to work towards achieving a common goal?
What power tactic may involve a threat from an older sibling?
What power tactic may involve a threat from an older sibling?
What type of power does a manager have if employees respect his credentials?
What type of power does a manager have if employees respect his credentials?
What are the two key components of Weber's definition of power?
What are the two key components of Weber's definition of power?
What power tactic is a manager using if he employs rhetoric to persuade employees?
What power tactic is a manager using if he employs rhetoric to persuade employees?
_____ is movement from one stratum of a stratification system to another.
_____ is movement from one stratum of a stratification system to another.
What type of socialization occurs as one engages in new workplace practices?
What type of socialization occurs as one engages in new workplace practices?
What term describes kids playing dress-up or school as a form of socialization?
What term describes kids playing dress-up or school as a form of socialization?
What does hidden curriculum convey about gender-appropriate behavior?
What does hidden curriculum convey about gender-appropriate behavior?
What systems of stratification allow virtually no social mobility?
What systems of stratification allow virtually no social mobility?
Which agent of socialization is focused on teaching cultural knowledge?
Which agent of socialization is focused on teaching cultural knowledge?
Which sociologist believed in class-based values socialization?
Which sociologist believed in class-based values socialization?
What factor is essential for the survival of stratification systems?
What factor is essential for the survival of stratification systems?
What does intersubjectivity allow us to do?
What does intersubjectivity allow us to do?
What term describes the brain's ability to change in response to social situations?
What term describes the brain's ability to change in response to social situations?
In which stage of Mead's development do children not fully understand their actions?
In which stage of Mead's development do children not fully understand their actions?
What classification do Cooley and Mead's theories belong to?
What classification do Cooley and Mead's theories belong to?
When do historical events significantly shape a generation's perspective, according to Mannheim?
When do historical events significantly shape a generation's perspective, according to Mannheim?
What is concluded in the modern discussion of the nature versus nurture debate?
What is concluded in the modern discussion of the nature versus nurture debate?
What process did Ann experience when leaving her convent life?
What process did Ann experience when leaving her convent life?
What do sociologists call the common understanding arising from shared experiences?
What do sociologists call the common understanding arising from shared experiences?
According to Mead, what component expresses our spontaneous social self?
According to Mead, what component expresses our spontaneous social self?
What does Cooley's perspective highlight about self-development?
What does Cooley's perspective highlight about self-development?
At what age does 'old old age' begin?
At what age does 'old old age' begin?
What is the order of Mead's stages of self-development?
What is the order of Mead's stages of self-development?
Why do teachers experience role strain with students?
Why do teachers experience role strain with students?
What is the accurate status hierarchy in U.S. society?
What is the accurate status hierarchy in U.S. society?
What is an example of backstage behavior?
What is an example of backstage behavior?
What is a social network?
What is a social network?
What defines a status hierarchy?
What defines a status hierarchy?
What is the three-step process that Berger and Luckmann suggest in constructing reality?
What is the three-step process that Berger and Luckmann suggest in constructing reality?
What does Benny experience when redefining his identity as he turns twelve?
What does Benny experience when redefining his identity as he turns twelve?
Darren feels he isn't spending enough time with his children while working overtime. What does this reflect?
Darren feels he isn't spending enough time with his children while working overtime. What does this reflect?
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Study Notes
Core Concepts of Sociology
- Sociology is built upon three foundational concepts: power, structure, and culture.
Historical Development
- Sociology emerged in Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries due to increased democracy, personal freedom, and reliance on reason and science, a shift known as modernity.
Theoretical Perspectives
- Functionalist theory identifies persistent classroom overcrowding as a dysfunction that can negatively affect schools' educational effectiveness.
- Karl Marx argued that society is shaped by an economic base, leading to competition and unequal resource distribution.
- Emile Durkheim emphasized that shared values and goals within societies promote cultural growth.
- Max Weber believed rationalization replaced tradition as the organizational basis of society.
Sociological Terms
- Social theory is a collection of propositions that explain social phenomena.
- Collective conscience defines the shared values within a society.
- Anomie refers to normlessness in society, which can lead to societal breakdown.
Research Methods
- Quantitative data, like homicide and suicide statistics, allows for the examination of relationships between variables.
- Random sampling is a method where cases are selected by chance.
- Secondary analysis provides a cost-effective research method by analyzing existing sources.
- Informed consent ensures participants are aware of risks and benefits in research studies.
- Surveys involve a series of questions with response scales.
Variables and Analysis
- In research, the dependent variable represents the outcomes being measured, such as students' test scores.
- Content analysis summarizes and analyzes various forms of communication systematically.
- The peer-review process involves another student reviewing a research paper for quality assurance.
Culture and Social Norms
- A culture war represents disagreements over significant social issues, demonstrating conflicting values.
- Mores are strictly enforced societal norms, while folkways are informal customs.
- The micro level of culture involves practical enactments, such as wearing symbols or conduct in social settings.
- Cultural lag is the gap between technological advancements and societal norms adapting to them.
Socialization and Institutions
- Agents of socialization, such as schools, play a primary role in teaching cultural values.
- Melvin Kohn posited that parents instill class-based values and behaviors in children.
- Social mobility refers to the ability to move between different strata of a stratification system.
Power Dynamics
- French and Raven identified six bases of power: reward, legitimate, and expert power.
- Hegemony, as conceptualized by Antonio Gramsci, involves manipulating ideas to gain consent.
- Organizations leverage strategies like networking to empower individuals.
Roles and Status
- Role strain occurs when individuals face conflicting demands from different roles.
- Role conflict arises when the expectations of different roles clash.
- Exit roles signify movement away from a specific status, such as Benny's transition from being a child to a mature identity.
Group Dynamics
- Primary groups are foundational to social life, while secondary groups serve more to distract or support social engagement.
- Homophily illustrates the tendency for similar individuals to associate with each other.
Theoretical Constructs
- Interactions and perceptions from others shape individual development, as indicated by Cooley’s theory of the self.
- Mead's developmental stages include pre-play, play, game, and generalized other, illustrating social learning.
Deviance and Interaction
- Deviance is behavior that does not conform to societal norms.
- The transition from dyad to triad introduces more potential interaction dynamics within social structures.
Conclusion
- Sociological concepts encompass a vast array of theories, terms, and research methods that together help in understanding human behavior and social organization.### Emotional Attachment
- The level of emotional attachment influences relationships and behaviors.
Solomon Asch's Experiments
- Asch's experiments focused on understanding how groups influence individual conformity.
Overconformity in Sports
- Wrestlers may fast and wear additional layers to meet weight requirements, exemplifying overconformity to sports norms.
- Overconformity refers to adhering excessively to accepted sports behaviors that were previously viewed as deviant.
Differential Association Theory
- Parents warn children about certain peers based on their perceived influence, applying differential association theory.
- This theory posits that behaviors are learned through interactions with others.
Durkheim's View on Deviance
- Émile Durkheim argued that some deviance fosters creativity and innovation within societies.
- Societies that are overly conformist may restrict human potential and self-expression.
Contextual Normalcy
- Definitions of what is considered normal or abnormal behavior vary significantly based on context, culture, and societal norms.
Functionalist View on Deviance
- From a functionalist perspective, items like the bikini can be interpreted as sources of innovation rather than purely deviant.
Control Theory
- Control theory suggests that behavior is regulated by an individual's emotional and social ties to major institutions, such as family and education.
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