Questions and Answers
What is the struggle between two statuses called?
Role Conflict
Which of the following would NOT illustrate homophily?
To say all members of your class are Rattlers suggests you have a common what?
Status category
Ignoring sensory information from a private bathroom stall is an example of what?
Signup and view all the answers
What are you managing if you comb your hair and check your teeth before class?
Signup and view all the answers
How is deviance best defined?
Signup and view all the answers
What changes when a dyad relationship becomes a triad?
Signup and view all the answers
What did Michels label the concentration of power at the top of a bureaucratic organization?
Signup and view all the answers
How does social support relate to social networks?
Signup and view all the answers
Miley Cyrus and former Disney pop stars represent a _______ group to children and tweens.
Signup and view all the answers
What is an example of a social group according to sociologists?
Signup and view all the answers
What distinguishes a primary group from a secondary group?
Signup and view all the answers
What was Solomon Asch trying to uncover in his experiments?
Signup and view all the answers
What is referred to when athletes practice acceptable behaviors that were once deemed deviant?
Signup and view all the answers
Parents warn kids to stay away from certain people, applying the _______ theory.
Signup and view all the answers
Why did Durkheim argue that societies need deviance as a source of creativity?
Signup and view all the answers
What we define as normal and abnormal behavior depends on what?
Signup and view all the answers
If we applied a functionalist interpretation to deviance, then the bikini would be viewed as what?
Signup and view all the answers
Which theory argues that behavior is regulated by the degree to which we are attached to major social institutions?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following are core concepts that sociology is founded on?
Signup and view all the answers
What is referred to as the shift towards democracy and reliance on reason and science during the 18th and 19th centuries?
Signup and view all the answers
According to functionalist theory, persistent overcrowding in classrooms is a ________.
Signup and view all the answers
Which theorist views society as being shaped by economic competition and struggle for power?
Signup and view all the answers
What term do sociologists use to describe a collection of propositions explaining social phenomena?
Signup and view all the answers
Which term defines the shared values within a society?
Signup and view all the answers
What best summarizes Emile Durkheim's view of the social world?
Signup and view all the answers
Which social thinker believed that rationalization replaced tradition as the basis for organizing society?
Signup and view all the answers
Who viewed society's focus in terms of stability and change?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the core belief of positivism?
Signup and view all the answers
The marriage tax credit for U.S. married couples represents a _______ according to functionalist theory.
Signup and view all the answers
What term did Durkheim use to describe normlessness in society?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of data is Bryan using if he collects homicide and suicide statistics?
Signup and view all the answers
A sampling method that involves selecting cases by chance is called _____ sampling.
Signup and view all the answers
Which research method is associated with convenience and absence of a researcher's presence?
Signup and view all the answers
What does informed consent ensure before beginning interviews?
Signup and view all the answers
A hypothesis is primarily useful for what type of research?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of method represents an online series of questions with a response scale from 0 to 5?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the dependent variable when studying how tutoring impacts students' test scores?
Signup and view all the answers
A/n _______ is a type of research analysis technique to systematically summarize and analyze communication content.
Signup and view all the answers
Using _______ is when students edit and review papers before submission.
Signup and view all the answers
Knowledge is referred to as _____ by sociologists.
Signup and view all the answers
What do sociologists label two or more values that support each other?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the difference between a more and a folkway?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the disagreement between U.S. elected Republicans and Democrats represent?
Signup and view all the answers
When a college student forgoes personal grooming, which cultural aspect has he violated?
Signup and view all the answers
When a student wears a cross around his neck in public, he is enacting culture at the ____ level.
Signup and view all the answers
According to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, variations in the _____ of languages alter speakers' thoughts and behavior.
Signup and view all the answers
What do students experience when confronted with unfamiliar practices in a new environment?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the distinctive assumptions underlying the belief that women are better nurturers?
Signup and view all the answers
What cultural enactment occurs at the meso or institutional level?
Signup and view all the answers
What term describes the phenomenon when norms for technological advances are not keeping pace?
Signup and view all the answers
When I bring my phone to the dinner table, I am enacting the ______ culture and violating the _____ culture.
Signup and view all the answers
When students say, 'Good Morning, Mrs. Jones,' they are using a widely adopted structured conversational technique known as a/an _____
Signup and view all the answers
What approach examines how people make sense of daily activities?
Signup and view all the answers
What does it mean to say that social structures are enduring?
Signup and view all the answers
What was not well received when addressing my mom by her first name to reveal social structures?
Signup and view all the answers
If you are a big brother or sister, this constitutes a/an ____ status.
Signup and view all the answers
When you attend class in conventional formats, you are ______ the social structure of the university.
Signup and view all the answers
What type of social institution profoundly affects our social lives?
Signup and view all the answers
Which social institution influences our lives: Family, Religion, Sports, or Economy?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the six bases of power in small groups according to French and Raven?
Signup and view all the answers
What is Antonio Gramsci's concept of power as hegemony based on?
Signup and view all the answers
In Dahl's explanation, what creates dependency in sibling power dynamics?
Signup and view all the answers
What strategy for empowerment involves reaching outside one's immediate contacts?
Signup and view all the answers
What principle of McDonaldization is shown by urgent care clinics focusing on efficiency?
Signup and view all the answers
Which principle in McDonaldization is represented by the automation of service processes?
Signup and view all the answers
What strategy do college students use to work towards achieving a common goal?
Signup and view all the answers
What power tactic may involve a threat from an older sibling?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of power does a manager have if employees respect his credentials?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the two key components of Weber's definition of power?
Signup and view all the answers
What power tactic is a manager using if he employs rhetoric to persuade employees?
Signup and view all the answers
_____ is movement from one stratum of a stratification system to another.
Signup and view all the answers
What type of socialization occurs as one engages in new workplace practices?
Signup and view all the answers
What term describes kids playing dress-up or school as a form of socialization?
Signup and view all the answers
What does hidden curriculum convey about gender-appropriate behavior?
Signup and view all the answers
What systems of stratification allow virtually no social mobility?
Signup and view all the answers
Which agent of socialization is focused on teaching cultural knowledge?
Signup and view all the answers
Which sociologist believed in class-based values socialization?
Signup and view all the answers
What factor is essential for the survival of stratification systems?
Signup and view all the answers
What does intersubjectivity allow us to do?
Signup and view all the answers
What term describes the brain's ability to change in response to social situations?
Signup and view all the answers
In which stage of Mead's development do children not fully understand their actions?
Signup and view all the answers
What classification do Cooley and Mead's theories belong to?
Signup and view all the answers
When do historical events significantly shape a generation's perspective, according to Mannheim?
Signup and view all the answers
What is concluded in the modern discussion of the nature versus nurture debate?
Signup and view all the answers
What process did Ann experience when leaving her convent life?
Signup and view all the answers
What do sociologists call the common understanding arising from shared experiences?
Signup and view all the answers
According to Mead, what component expresses our spontaneous social self?
Signup and view all the answers
What does Cooley's perspective highlight about self-development?
Signup and view all the answers
At what age does 'old old age' begin?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the order of Mead's stages of self-development?
Signup and view all the answers
Why do teachers experience role strain with students?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the accurate status hierarchy in U.S. society?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an example of backstage behavior?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a social network?
Signup and view all the answers
What defines a status hierarchy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the three-step process that Berger and Luckmann suggest in constructing reality?
Signup and view all the answers
What does Benny experience when redefining his identity as he turns twelve?
Signup and view all the answers
Darren feels he isn't spending enough time with his children while working overtime. What does this reflect?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Core Concepts of Sociology
- Sociology is built upon three foundational concepts: power, structure, and culture.
Historical Development
- Sociology emerged in Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries due to increased democracy, personal freedom, and reliance on reason and science, a shift known as modernity.
Theoretical Perspectives
- Functionalist theory identifies persistent classroom overcrowding as a dysfunction that can negatively affect schools' educational effectiveness.
- Karl Marx argued that society is shaped by an economic base, leading to competition and unequal resource distribution.
- Emile Durkheim emphasized that shared values and goals within societies promote cultural growth.
- Max Weber believed rationalization replaced tradition as the organizational basis of society.
Sociological Terms
- Social theory is a collection of propositions that explain social phenomena.
- Collective conscience defines the shared values within a society.
- Anomie refers to normlessness in society, which can lead to societal breakdown.
Research Methods
- Quantitative data, like homicide and suicide statistics, allows for the examination of relationships between variables.
- Random sampling is a method where cases are selected by chance.
- Secondary analysis provides a cost-effective research method by analyzing existing sources.
- Informed consent ensures participants are aware of risks and benefits in research studies.
- Surveys involve a series of questions with response scales.
Variables and Analysis
- In research, the dependent variable represents the outcomes being measured, such as students' test scores.
- Content analysis summarizes and analyzes various forms of communication systematically.
- The peer-review process involves another student reviewing a research paper for quality assurance.
Culture and Social Norms
- A culture war represents disagreements over significant social issues, demonstrating conflicting values.
- Mores are strictly enforced societal norms, while folkways are informal customs.
- The micro level of culture involves practical enactments, such as wearing symbols or conduct in social settings.
- Cultural lag is the gap between technological advancements and societal norms adapting to them.
Socialization and Institutions
- Agents of socialization, such as schools, play a primary role in teaching cultural values.
- Melvin Kohn posited that parents instill class-based values and behaviors in children.
- Social mobility refers to the ability to move between different strata of a stratification system.
Power Dynamics
- French and Raven identified six bases of power: reward, legitimate, and expert power.
- Hegemony, as conceptualized by Antonio Gramsci, involves manipulating ideas to gain consent.
- Organizations leverage strategies like networking to empower individuals.
Roles and Status
- Role strain occurs when individuals face conflicting demands from different roles.
- Role conflict arises when the expectations of different roles clash.
- Exit roles signify movement away from a specific status, such as Benny's transition from being a child to a mature identity.
Group Dynamics
- Primary groups are foundational to social life, while secondary groups serve more to distract or support social engagement.
- Homophily illustrates the tendency for similar individuals to associate with each other.
Theoretical Constructs
- Interactions and perceptions from others shape individual development, as indicated by Cooley’s theory of the self.
- Mead's developmental stages include pre-play, play, game, and generalized other, illustrating social learning.
Deviance and Interaction
- Deviance is behavior that does not conform to societal norms.
- The transition from dyad to triad introduces more potential interaction dynamics within social structures.
Conclusion
- Sociological concepts encompass a vast array of theories, terms, and research methods that together help in understanding human behavior and social organization.### Emotional Attachment
- The level of emotional attachment influences relationships and behaviors.
Solomon Asch's Experiments
- Asch's experiments focused on understanding how groups influence individual conformity.
Overconformity in Sports
- Wrestlers may fast and wear additional layers to meet weight requirements, exemplifying overconformity to sports norms.
- Overconformity refers to adhering excessively to accepted sports behaviors that were previously viewed as deviant.
Differential Association Theory
- Parents warn children about certain peers based on their perceived influence, applying differential association theory.
- This theory posits that behaviors are learned through interactions with others.
Durkheim's View on Deviance
- Émile Durkheim argued that some deviance fosters creativity and innovation within societies.
- Societies that are overly conformist may restrict human potential and self-expression.
Contextual Normalcy
- Definitions of what is considered normal or abnormal behavior vary significantly based on context, culture, and societal norms.
Functionalist View on Deviance
- From a functionalist perspective, items like the bikini can be interpreted as sources of innovation rather than purely deviant.
Control Theory
- Control theory suggests that behavior is regulated by an individual's emotional and social ties to major institutions, such as family and education.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Prepare for your Sociology final exam with this comprehensive set of flashcards focusing on key concepts, historical development, and foundational theories in sociology. Each card provides essential definitions and insights into the core elements of the discipline.