Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of socialization?
What are the three primary goals of socialization according to Jeffrey J. Arnett?
Impulse control, preparation for social roles, and cultivating shared values.
What does it mean to say 'Society makes us fully human'?
It means that socialization prepares individuals to participate and function within their communities.
Define characteristics of total institutions.
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Explain what globalization is.
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Why are multinational companies attracted to developing nations?
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Explain reasons for extreme poverty and social inequality in societies.
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How does social class impact people's life chances?
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What is the difference between individual and structural explanations for poverty?
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Which of the following is an example of a structural explanation for poverty?
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What is socialization?
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What does the life course refer to?
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What is gender socialization?
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What is resocialization?
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What are total institutions?
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Match the following stages of development according to Jean Piaget's cognitive theory:
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What is Cooley's 'looking glass self'?
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What is anticipatory socialization?
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What does the term 'symbol' refer to?
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What is a degradation ceremony?
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What is meant by 'nature' in the context of self-development?
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What is meant by 'nurture' in self-development?
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What is moral development?
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What are agents of socialization?
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What defines a primary group?
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What defines a secondary group?
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What are reference groups?
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What are group dynamics?
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What is groupthink?
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What is a bureaucracy?
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What are voluntary associations?
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What defines formal organizations?
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What is a dyad?
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What is a triad?
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What is an authoritarian leader?
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What is conformity?
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What is a clear division of labor?
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What is a hierarchy of authority?
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What is an In-Group?
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What is an Out-group?
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What is an oligarchy?
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What is a leadership function?
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What constitutes a crime?
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What is deviance?
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What is the recidivism rate?
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What is differential justice?
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What is a sanction?
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What is stigma?
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What is informal social control?
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What is formal social control?
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What is strain theory?
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What is differential association theory?
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What are negative sanctions?
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What are positive sanctions?
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What is labeling theory?
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What is mass media?
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What is media globalization?
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What does dominant ideology mean?
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What is an opinion leader?
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What is the narcotizing function?
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What is a stereotype?
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What is meant by the digital divide?
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What is the knowledge gap?
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What is technological diffusion?
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What is social inequality?
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What is social class?
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What is wealth?
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What is income?
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What is social mobility?
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What is downward mobility?
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What is upward mobility?
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What is relative poverty?
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What is absolute poverty?
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What does 'feminization' of poverty refer to?
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What is a caste system?
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What is an underclass?
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What is social stratification?
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What are life chances?
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What is meritocracy?
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What is the standard of living?
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What is global stratification?
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What is a multinational corporation?
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What is globalization?
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What is global inequality?
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What are the agents of socialization?
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How do agents of socialization shape gender socialization?
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What is meant by the statement 'deviance is relative'?
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What are the characteristics of primary groups?
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What are the characteristics and processes of formal bureaucracies?
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Study Notes
Socialization
- Socialization is the process of learning and internalizing the norms, values, and roles necessary to become a functioning member of society.
- Key agents of socialization include family, schools, peers, and mass media, each playing a significant role, especially during childhood.
Life Course
- The life course framework connects personal attributes and roles to life events, considering social and historical contexts influencing these events.
Gender Socialization
- Gender socialization involves societal expectations regarding behaviors, interests, and appearances of boys and girls, often reinforced by family, media, and educational systems.
Resocialization
- Resocialization occurs when an individual sheds old behaviors and adopts new ones, often experienced when transitioning to environments like senior care facilities, boarding schools, or prisons.
Total Institutions
- Total institutions, such as prisons or military environments, control all aspects of life for their inhabitants, necessitating complete resocialization.
Cognitive Development
- Jean Piaget’s theory outlines cognitive development in four stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational, indicating progressive cognitive abilities.
Cooley's "Looking Glass Self"
- The concept of the "looking glass self" explains that self-image is developed through the perceptions and interpretations of how others see us.
Anticipatory Socialization
- This involves preparing for future roles, such as couples cohabitating before marriage or new parents preparing for a child's arrival.
Symbols
- Symbols are objects or representations that stand for broader concepts or ideas, often serving as a medium for communication in society.
Degradation Ceremony
- This process involves new members losing their old identity and being assigned a new one, which can vary in approach from brutal to gentle.
Nature vs. Nurture
- Nature refers to genetic influences on development, while nurture encompasses the role of social environments in shaping behaviors and attitudes.
Moral Development
- This framework explains how individuals learn societal definitions of right and wrong, influenced by various socialization agents.
Agents of Socialization
- Key groups influencing socialization include family (most significant), educational institutions, peer groups, and media.
Group Dynamics
- Examines the interactions between individuals and how these interactions shape group behavior and influence individual actions.
Groupthink
- A psychological phenomenon where the desire for conformity within a group leads to irrational or dysfunctional decision-making.
Bureaucracies
- Defined by clear hierarchies, division of labor, and formal rules, bureaucracies are structured environments that execute laws and policies in a consistent manner.
Voluntary Associations
- Organizations formed based on shared interests where membership is voluntary and often offers intangible rewards.
Primary and Secondary Groups
- Primary groups are small, long-term, and personal (e.g., family, close friends), while secondary groups are larger, goal-oriented, and less personal (e.g., co-workers, classmates).
Social Control
- Encompasses both formal (policing, legal systems) and informal (gossip, peer pressure) mechanisms to ensure compliance with societal norms.
Deviance
- Deviance refers to behaviors that violate social norms, varying significantly between cultures and contexts, and encompasses both formal and informal violations.
Labeling Theory
- Suggests that deviance is not inherently a behavior but is defined by societal reactions, often leading to stigmatization.
Social Inequality
- A condition where different social groups have unequal access to resources, opportunities, and privileges, often perpetuated by systemic structures.
Stratification and Social Mobility
- Social stratification categorizes societies into hierarchies based on wealth and power, affecting social mobility, which can be upward or downward.
Poverty Types
- Relative poverty is based on societal standards, while absolute poverty denotes a threshold of subsistence below which survival is threatened.
Global Issues
- Concepts such as globalization, global inequality, and technological diffusion reflect interconnections and disparities in wealth, resources, and access across regions and populations.
Stereotypes and Stigma
- Stereotypes involve oversimplified perceptions of groups, whereas stigma refers to the disgrace attached to certain qualities or circumstances, influencing social interactions.
Conclusion
- Understanding the various aspects of socialization, group dynamics, and societal constructs provides insight into human behavior and interpersonal relationships within the context of broader social systems.### The Role of Socialization
- Socialization introduces individuals to societal norms and prepares them for group participation.
- Starts in childhood within the family and extends through education settings.
- Essential for understanding societal expectations and becoming full members of society.
- Adults also engage in socialization when entering new social groups.
- Transmits norms, values, beliefs, and behaviors to future members of society.
Characteristics of Total Institutions
- Defined by Erving Goffman as organizations separate from mainstream society.
- Residents share similar traits and often adhere to uniform dress and behavior.
- Examples include boarding schools, orphanages, military organizations, juvenile detentions, and prisons.
- Characterized by the total control exerted over members, reducing personal independence.
- Serve various functions, such as caring for individuals or protecting society against threats.
Globalization
- Recognized as a significant challenge, especially for companies in North America, Europe, and Japan.
- Companies face difficulties in navigating international strategies and emerging markets.
- Emergence of "institutional voids" hampers multinational companies' success in developing nations.
- Businesses can benefit from lower labor costs in less developed countries due to cheaper competent staff.
- Developing nations have seen rapid growth in markets, necessitating Western companies to adapt strategies.
Reasons for Extreme Poverty and Social Inequality
- Wealth concentration exists in affluent nations, limiting opportunities for poorer countries.
- Functionalist perspective views inequality as serving social purposes, with some nations excelling in technology and globalization.
- Critical sociology highlights the exploitation of peripheral nations by core nations, often through offshoring.
- Symbolic interactionism focuses on the subjective experiences and definitions of poverty in different contexts.
Impact of Social Class on Life Chances
- Social class significantly influences numerous aspects of life, including health, education, and family dynamics.
- Defined by wealth, income, education, occupation, and social networks.
- Higher socioeconomic status (SES) correlates with better access to healthcare, education, and political influence.
- Individuals from the upper class benefit from influential social networks that enhance life opportunities.
Explanations of Poverty in the United States
- Individual explanations attribute poverty to personal shortcomings such as lack of work ethic or education.
- Structural explanations emphasize barriers within the economic system that perpetuate poverty, like inadequate schooling or healthcare access.
- Right-wing views promote the idea that addressing individual flaws can eradicate poverty, while left-wing perspectives argue for systemic changes to reduce poverty incidence.
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Prepare for your Sociology Exam 2 with this comprehensive study guide covering key concepts like socialization, life course, and gender socialization. Use these flashcards to reinforce your understanding of the processes that shape individuals within society.