Sociology Chapter on Socialization

Socialization

• Socialization is a lifelong process where people learn values, norms, and expectations to become integrated into society.
• It's a continuous learning process.

Enculturation

• Enculturation is the process where individuals learn their culture.
• This includes learning aspects like infrastructure, accessories, signs, hand gestures, flags, traditional clothing, and cultural celebrations/relationships.

Acculturation

• Acculturation is when one adopts or learns another culture.

Norms, Values, Status, and Roles

• Norms are shared rules and guidelines defining how people should behave in specific situations.
  • Laws are formally written rules.
  • Mores are norms regulating ethical behavior.
  • Folkways are norms without moral values.
  • Taboos are forbidden acts.
• Values are collective conceptions of what is considered good, desirable, or proper in a culture.
  • Values can be good or bad, desirable or undesirable, proper or improper in a culture.
• Status is an individual's designated position in society. Statuses often come with responsibilities or roles.
  • Ascribed statuses are assigned without regard for a person's unique talents or characteristics. Examples include birth order, sex assigned at birth, race, and ethnicity.
  • Achieved statuses are earned or chosen and reflect a person's skills abilities and efforts. Examples include earning a degree, a career, a military rank, or a sporting achievement.
• Social Roles are the expectations for people who occupy a given social position or status.

Goffman's Dramaturgy

• Goffman likened social interaction to a theatrical performance.
• People are actors, and those who watch them are the audience.
• Actors and audience interact in frames or specific situations.

Agents of Socialization

• Key agents include family, schools, peers, mass media, and religion.
  • Family: Primary source of values and habits carried throughout life.
  • Schools: Teach knowledge and skills for functioning in society.
  • Peers: Shape preferences, values, and beliefs during adolescence.
  • Media: Influences tastes, opinions, beliefs, and stereotypes.
  • Religion: Influences values, views, and perspectives.

Social Control

• Social control involves mechanisms used to enforce conformity to norms and values.
  • Formal social controls include things like salaries, awards, fines, and jail time.
  • Informal social controls include compliments, handshakes, shaming, and gossip.

Human Dignity and Human Rights

• Dignity is the state of being worthy of honor or respect.
• All humans possess equal and inherent worth, regardless of age, sex, socioeconomic status, health condition, ethnic origin, political ideas, or religion.
• Human rights are legal, social, or ethical principles about rights and freedoms.
• Revolutions like the English, American, French, and Philippine revolutions influenced the development of human rights.
• Human rights are categorized into civil and political rights, socio-economic rights, and solidarity rights.
• Positive rights create claims against others or the state for goods, services, or treatment.
• Negative rights limit actions towards the right holder.

This quiz covers the concepts of socialization, enculturation, and acculturation. It also delves into norms, values, status, and roles within society. Test your understanding of how individuals integrate into their cultures and the expectations that come with it.