Sociology Chapter 5 Quiz

Questions and Answers

What does the term deviance refer to?

A violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms, whether folkways, mores, or codified law.

What is the difference between a violent crime and a hate crime?

A violent crime is based on a person's race, religion, or other characteristics.

A violent crime is punishable in a court of law; a hate crime is not.

A hate crime is based on a person's race, religion, or other characteristics. (correct)

A hate crime is punishable in a court of law; a violent crime is not.

Jake receives a promotion at his law firm after winning an important case. This is an example of a:

Negative informal sanction

Positive informal sanction

Negative formal sanction

Positive formal sanction (correct)

Which theorist studied the power elite and its influence over society?

C. Wright Mills Signup and view all the answers

How is the term crime defined?

A behavior that violates official law and is punishable through formal sanctions. Signup and view all the answers

Functionalist Émile Durkheim believed some deviance within society was:

Necessary; it challenged people's views. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a branch of the U.S. Criminal Justice System?

The jury Signup and view all the answers

What does secondary deviance refer to?

When a person's self-concept and behavior begin to change after his or her actions are labeled as deviant by members of society. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a negative informal sanction?

Beatrix being booed off stage after telling an offensive joke during her comedy routine. Signup and view all the answers

Social control refers to:

The regulation and enforcement of norms. Signup and view all the answers

Strain theory addresses the relationship between:

Having socially acceptable goals and having socially acceptable means to reach those goals. Signup and view all the answers

Scott's experience with being labeled as a 'problem' child best fits which school of thought?

Labeling theory Signup and view all the answers

What type of crime did Bernie Madoff engage in?

Corporate crime Signup and view all the answers

Deviance is always considered a crime.

False Signup and view all the answers

As of 2008, what is the ratio of adults in the U.S. who are in jail or prison?

1 in 100 Signup and view all the answers

Who defined differential association theory?

Edwin Sutherland Signup and view all the answers

Who is associated with control theory?

Travis Hirschi Signup and view all the answers

Who is recognized for strain theory?

Robert Merton Signup and view all the answers

Who developed cultural deviance theory?

Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay Signup and view all the answers

Caleb's better preparation for college due to the technology at his school illustrates:

Digital divide Signup and view all the answers

What does e-readiness refer to?

The ability to sort through, interpret, and process digital knowledge. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of planned obsolescence?

Sarah's iPod breaks just as the newest iPod Nano is being introduced. Signup and view all the answers

The rapid succession of new storage technologies, such as zip drives following floppy disks, is an example of:

Evolutionary model of technological change Signup and view all the answers

The widespread media coverage of a political scandal signifies:

Homogenization Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of technological diffusion?

The spread of technology across borders. Signup and view all the answers

Which sociological perspective sees technology and media as tools for expressing wealth?

Symbolic Interactionist Signup and view all the answers

How has advertising revenue changed recently?

Cable and online revenue unchanged, newspaper and magazine revenue fell. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of new media?

Barnes and Noble Signup and view all the answers

What does media globalization refer to?

The worldwide integration of media through cross-cultural exchange of ideas. Signup and view all the answers

What term describes an individual who avidly embraces new technologies?

Technophile Signup and view all the answers

Before social media, dominant media outlets exerted great influence over reported news stories. This is known as:

Gatekeeping Signup and view all the answers

Which theorist would study media control by dominant classes?

A conflict theorist Signup and view all the answers

What is a negative risk of media globalization?

Governments censoring information for their benefit. Signup and view all the answers

What is panoptic surveillance?

Constant monitoring with decentralized observation posts. Signup and view all the answers

Tyson's concerns about technology reinforcing inequalities reflects which sociological perspective?

Conflict Signup and view all the answers

In 1983, how many corporations owned the majority of mass media outlets?

6 Signup and view all the answers

What is the blank referred to in the following statement 'This is a product of ___.'?

Media globalization Signup and view all the answers

From the functionalist perspective, what is a function of social media?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

How is cyberfeminism defined?

The application to and promotion of feminism online. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of institutionalization?

The act of implanting a convention or norm into society. Signup and view all the answers

Marie does not understand how the lunch line in the cafeteria works, and she successfully buys lunch by following others. This experience is an example of _____?

Socialization Signup and view all the answers

What does Erik Erikson's theory explain?

How the actions of society help shape personalities throughout the eight basic stages of life. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of socializing a child into a gender role?

Buying Sarah a toy kitchen to play with. Signup and view all the answers

When do humans begin to think about the feelings of other people, according to Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

In their teenage years. Signup and view all the answers

Bobby believes he is stupid because others call him that. What concept would Charles Cooley attribute this to?

The looking-glass self Signup and view all the answers

Katrina and Sharon's play with dolls reflects which of George Herbert Mead's stages of development?

The play stage Signup and view all the answers

What was one key impact of Émile Durkheim's study of suicide?

It defined the differences between sociology and psychology. Signup and view all the answers

The teacher and Jimmy's father debate about which fundamental sociological theory?

Nature vs. Nurture Signup and view all the answers

Parents socialize their children to:

Understand and follow the same norms that they themselves follow Signup and view all the answers

Why is education important to society?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible cause for the transition from college life to work life to be difficult?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Sherry is transitioning to a nursing home. What is she most likely to experience?

Resocialization. Signup and view all the answers

Monks locking themselves in a monastery would be labeled as:

A total institution Signup and view all the answers

In an effort to control a total institution, inmates are forced to undergo which process?

A degradation ceremony Signup and view all the answers

Sumaira becomes a business major to secure a job. What has she completed?

Anticipatory socialization. Signup and view all the answers

Mark and Matt have different beliefs due to their backgrounds. Which sociological paradigm does this illustrate?

Conflict Signup and view all the answers

Joseph and Paula want to pass on their cultural values to their child. Which sociological paradigm does this fit?

Structural Functionalism Signup and view all the answers

Baby Marla is dressed meticulously to signal her gender. Which paradigm does this illustrate?

Symbolic Interactionism Signup and view all the answers

Ahmed is navigating bureaucracy to add an AP class. His experience exemplifies:

The hidden curriculum of schools Signup and view all the answers

Whose study described the differences in the way boys and girls view morality?

Carol Gilligan Signup and view all the answers

Sandy is part of a line wrapping around the block for concert tickets. This describes a:

Aggregate Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a primary group from a secondary group?

A primary group is small, consisting of emotional face-to-face relationships; a secondary group is larger and impersonal. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following demonstrates an in-group/out-group dynamic?

Members of sorority Delta Delta Delta advise their pledges not to socialize with members of pledges of rival sorority Sigma Delta Theta. Signup and view all the answers

Michael looks to his basketball team for cues on behavior. This team serves as his _____?

Reference group Signup and view all the answers

What defines a total institution?

An organization in which participants live a controlled lifestyle and in which total resocialization occurs. Signup and view all the answers

Grace's coworkers assist her at work. They are serving a(n):

Instrumental function Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes an instrumental leader?

Is goal-oriented and largely concerned with accomplishing set tasks. Signup and view all the answers

Christine adopts a hands-off approach in her comedy troupe. She is a(n) _____ leader.

Laissez-faire Signup and view all the answers

According to Solomon Asch, why do people conform to a group?

The group is better informed than they are. Signup and view all the answers

The United States Government is an example of:

A bureaucracy Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a characteristic of a bureaucracy?

Personality-based promotion Signup and view all the answers

The McDonaldization of Society refers to:

The increasing presence of the fast-food business model in common social institutions. Signup and view all the answers

Kellan shops at Pacific Sun because his friends do. This is an example of:

Conformity Signup and view all the answers

What defines reference groups?

Groups to which an individual compares himself or herself. Signup and view all the answers

A socialite is court-ordered to enter rehab for drug addiction. This is an example of a:

Coercive organization Signup and view all the answers

Justin enrolls in a community college to become an engineer. What is he entering?

Utilitarian organization Signup and view all the answers

Which sociological pioneer conducted an experiment comparing line lengths?

Solomon Asch Signup and view all the answers

Kevin's discovery of fast food chains in Europe exemplifies:

The McDonaldization of Society Signup and view all the answers

What leadership style did Mark Zuckerberg likely use in The Social Network?

Authoritarian Signup and view all the answers

How is the term meritocracy defined?

A bureaucracy where membership and advancement is based on proven and documented skills. Signup and view all the answers

Ally's repeated arrests align with which theory?

Differential association theory Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Institutionalization and Socialization

Institutionalization refers to implanting conventions or norms into society.
Socialization is a process wherein individuals learn and adapt behaviors in new environments, exemplified by Marie’s kindergarten experience.

Theories of Development

Erik Erikson's theory emphasizes eight basic life stages where societal actions shape personality development.
Kohlberg's moral development theory postulates that understanding others' feelings begins in teenage years.
Carol Gilligan studied differing moral views between genders, contrasting with earlier theories.

Gender Socialization

Gender roles are formed through societal norms, as seen when Sarah receives a toy kitchen, reinforcing traditional roles.

Self-Concept and Identity

The looking-glass self theory, proposed by Charles Cooley, illustrates how self-perception is influenced by societal perceptions, as shown with Bobby's experience at school.

Stages of Development

George Herbert Mead's preparatory stage showcases children imitating adult behaviors, evident in Katrina and Sharon's play.

Suicide and Sociology

Émile Durkheim’s study of suicide illustrated the distinction between sociology and psychology, highlighting societal influences on individual behaviors.

Nature vs. Nurture

A debate exists between natural predispositions and social upbringing, as shown in the teacher-father discussion about Jimmy’s behavior.

Education and Norms

Education serves various social functions, including imparting norms and interpersonal skills, creating a cohesive society.

Transitions and Resocialization

Life transitions, like Sherry moving to a nursing home, can lead to resocialization, adapting to new norms and routines.

Institutions and Organizations

Total institutions control lifestyles and require complete resocialization, while bureaucracies, like government agencies, have defined roles and hierarchies.
A coercive organization, such as rehabilitation centers, compels individuals to conform to its rules.

Leadership and Group Dynamics

Laissez-faire and authoritarian leadership styles impact group dynamics and outcomes, with distinct emphasis on participation and control.
Reference groups provide benchmarks for individuals' behavior, as seen with Michael's basketball team.

Primary groups consist of small, emotional relationships, while secondary groups are larger and more impersonal.
Aggregate refers to a collection of individuals temporarily together, as seen with Sandy in line for tickets.

Deviance and Crime

Deviance is any violation of established norms, including folkways and laws, while crime is a specific violation punishable by law.
Differential association theory explains how individuals learn deviance through interactions with others, highlighted by Ally's family experiences.

Positive formal sanctions reward behavior through official recognition, such as promotions, while negative sanctions are punitive reactions to deviance.
Hate crimes are defined by bias against specific groups, differing from general violent crimes.

Sociological Perspectives

Structural functionalism views society as a complex system with interdependent parts, whereas conflict theory focuses on social inequalities and power dynamics.
Symbolic interactionism examines individual interactions shaped by societal symbols, affecting personal identity and social roles.### Deviance and Social Control
Deviance can have diverse interpretations, including being seen as insignificant, instrumental, or necessary to challenge societal views.
Social control refers to the regulation and enforcement of norms within society.

U.S. Criminal Justice System

Branches include the police, courts, and corrections, but the jury is not classified as a branch.

Deviance Concepts

Secondary deviance: Change in self-concept and behavior following societal labeling as deviant.
Negative informal sanctions exemplified by public ridicule, such as Beatrix being booed off stage.

Theories of Deviance

Strain theory highlights the gap between socially acceptable goals and means, explaining deviance as a response to this disparity.
Control theory focuses on societal practices and behaviors that help maintain order.
Labeling theory explores how individuals internalize labels as "deviant," impacting their self-identity.

Types of Crime

Bernie Madoff exemplifies corporate crime through his Ponzi scheme that defrauded clients.
Deviance is not synonymous with crime; it can exist outside legal definitions.

Statistics

As of 2008, 1 in 100 adults in the United States were incarcerated.

Sociological Perspectives on Technology

Digital divide illustrates disparities in technology access, affecting educational preparedness.
E-readiness emphasizes the capacity to navigate digital information effectively.
Planned obsolescence occurs when products break or become outdated purposely to stimulate consumerism.

Media Dynamics

Homogenization refers to uniform news coverage across multiple platforms, diminishing diversity of information.
Technological diffusion is about technology spreading across geographical borders.
Gatekeeping describes the control exerted by major media outlets over which stories are reported.

Media Globalization and Power Dynamics

Media globalization entails the worldwide integration of ideas and cultures through media exchanges.
Conflict theory examines who controls media narratives, particularly regarding marginalized groups.
Governments may engage in censorship under the guise of media globalization.

Technological Change and Cultural Impacts

The evolutionary model of technological change reflects the sequential development of technology (e.g., floppy disk to flash drives).
Technophiles are individuals enthusiastic about adopting the latest technology.

Social media serves multiple functions from a functionalist perspective, including entertainment and reinforcing social norms.
Cyberfeminism promotes feminism within the online landscape.

Ownership Trends in Media

In 1983, 50 corporations controlled most mass-media outlets; today, only 6 corporations dominate that space.

Surveillance Concepts

Panoptic surveillance is characterized by decentralized monitoring systems where observers and the observed remain disconnected.

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Description

Test your knowledge with this quiz focused on Chapter 5 of sociology. Discover key concepts including institutionalization and its impact on society. Perfect for students aiming to reinforce their understanding of sociological norms and conventions.