Sociology Chapter 5 Quiz

Institutionalization and Socialization

• Institutionalization refers to implanting conventions or norms into society.
• Socialization is a process wherein individuals learn and adapt behaviors in new environments, exemplified by Marie’s kindergarten experience.

Theories of Development

• Erik Erikson's theory emphasizes eight basic life stages where societal actions shape personality development.
• Kohlberg's moral development theory postulates that understanding others' feelings begins in teenage years.
• Carol Gilligan studied differing moral views between genders, contrasting with earlier theories.

Gender Socialization

• Gender roles are formed through societal norms, as seen when Sarah receives a toy kitchen, reinforcing traditional roles.

Self-Concept and Identity

• The looking-glass self theory, proposed by Charles Cooley, illustrates how self-perception is influenced by societal perceptions, as shown with Bobby's experience at school.

Stages of Development

• George Herbert Mead's preparatory stage showcases children imitating adult behaviors, evident in Katrina and Sharon's play.

Suicide and Sociology

• Émile Durkheim’s study of suicide illustrated the distinction between sociology and psychology, highlighting societal influences on individual behaviors.

Nature vs. Nurture

• A debate exists between natural predispositions and social upbringing, as shown in the teacher-father discussion about Jimmy’s behavior.

Education and Norms

• Education serves various social functions, including imparting norms and interpersonal skills, creating a cohesive society.

Transitions and Resocialization

• Life transitions, like Sherry moving to a nursing home, can lead to resocialization, adapting to new norms and routines.

Institutions and Organizations

• Total institutions control lifestyles and require complete resocialization, while bureaucracies, like government agencies, have defined roles and hierarchies.
• A coercive organization, such as rehabilitation centers, compels individuals to conform to its rules.

Leadership and Group Dynamics

• Laissez-faire and authoritarian leadership styles impact group dynamics and outcomes, with distinct emphasis on participation and control.
• Reference groups provide benchmarks for individuals' behavior, as seen with Michael's basketball team.

Social Structures

• Primary groups consist of small, emotional relationships, while secondary groups are larger and more impersonal.
• Aggregate refers to a collection of individuals temporarily together, as seen with Sandy in line for tickets.

Deviance and Crime

• Deviance is any violation of established norms, including folkways and laws, while crime is a specific violation punishable by law.
• Differential association theory explains how individuals learn deviance through interactions with others, highlighted by Ally's family experiences.

Social Sanctions

• Positive formal sanctions reward behavior through official recognition, such as promotions, while negative sanctions are punitive reactions to deviance.
• Hate crimes are defined by bias against specific groups, differing from general violent crimes.

Sociological Perspectives

• Structural functionalism views society as a complex system with interdependent parts, whereas conflict theory focuses on social inequalities and power dynamics.
• Symbolic interactionism examines individual interactions shaped by societal symbols, affecting personal identity and social roles.### Deviance and Social Control
• Deviance can have diverse interpretations, including being seen as insignificant, instrumental, or necessary to challenge societal views.
• Social control refers to the regulation and enforcement of norms within society.

U.S. Criminal Justice System

• Branches include the police, courts, and corrections, but the jury is not classified as a branch.

Deviance Concepts

• Secondary deviance: Change in self-concept and behavior following societal labeling as deviant.
• Negative informal sanctions exemplified by public ridicule, such as Beatrix being booed off stage.

Theories of Deviance

• Strain theory highlights the gap between socially acceptable goals and means, explaining deviance as a response to this disparity.
• Control theory focuses on societal practices and behaviors that help maintain order.
• Labeling theory explores how individuals internalize labels as "deviant," impacting their self-identity.

Types of Crime

• Bernie Madoff exemplifies corporate crime through his Ponzi scheme that defrauded clients.
• Deviance is not synonymous with crime; it can exist outside legal definitions.

Statistics

• As of 2008, 1 in 100 adults in the United States were incarcerated.

Sociological Perspectives on Technology

• Digital divide illustrates disparities in technology access, affecting educational preparedness.
• E-readiness emphasizes the capacity to navigate digital information effectively.
• Planned obsolescence occurs when products break or become outdated purposely to stimulate consumerism.

Media Dynamics

• Homogenization refers to uniform news coverage across multiple platforms, diminishing diversity of information.
• Technological diffusion is about technology spreading across geographical borders.
• Gatekeeping describes the control exerted by major media outlets over which stories are reported.

Media Globalization and Power Dynamics

• Media globalization entails the worldwide integration of ideas and cultures through media exchanges.
• Conflict theory examines who controls media narratives, particularly regarding marginalized groups.
• Governments may engage in censorship under the guise of media globalization.

Technological Change and Cultural Impacts

• The evolutionary model of technological change reflects the sequential development of technology (e.g., floppy disk to flash drives).
• Technophiles are individuals enthusiastic about adopting the latest technology.

Social Media Influence

• Social media serves multiple functions from a functionalist perspective, including entertainment and reinforcing social norms.
• Cyberfeminism promotes feminism within the online landscape.

Ownership Trends in Media

• In 1983, 50 corporations controlled most mass-media outlets; today, only 6 corporations dominate that space.

Surveillance Concepts

• Panoptic surveillance is characterized by decentralized monitoring systems where observers and the observed remain disconnected.

Test your knowledge with this quiz focused on Chapter 5 of sociology. Discover key concepts including institutionalization and its impact on society. Perfect for students aiming to reinforce their understanding of sociological norms and conventions.