Questions and Answers
What does the term deviance refer to?
A violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms, whether folkways, mores, or codified law.
What is the difference between a violent crime and a hate crime?
Jake receives a promotion at his law firm after winning an important case. This is an example of a:
Which theorist studied the power elite and its influence over society?
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How is the term crime defined?
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Functionalist Émile Durkheim believed some deviance within society was:
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Which of the following is not a branch of the U.S. Criminal Justice System?
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What does secondary deviance refer to?
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Which of the following is an example of a negative informal sanction?
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Social control refers to:
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Strain theory addresses the relationship between:
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Scott's experience with being labeled as a 'problem' child best fits which school of thought?
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What type of crime did Bernie Madoff engage in?
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Deviance is always considered a crime.
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As of 2008, what is the ratio of adults in the U.S. who are in jail or prison?
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Who defined differential association theory?
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Who is associated with control theory?
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Who is recognized for strain theory?
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Who developed cultural deviance theory?
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Caleb's better preparation for college due to the technology at his school illustrates:
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What does e-readiness refer to?
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Which of the following is an example of planned obsolescence?
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The rapid succession of new storage technologies, such as zip drives following floppy disks, is an example of:
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The widespread media coverage of a political scandal signifies:
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What is the definition of technological diffusion?
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Which sociological perspective sees technology and media as tools for expressing wealth?
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How has advertising revenue changed recently?
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Which of the following is NOT an example of new media?
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What does media globalization refer to?
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What term describes an individual who avidly embraces new technologies?
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Before social media, dominant media outlets exerted great influence over reported news stories. This is known as:
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Which theorist would study media control by dominant classes?
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What is a negative risk of media globalization?
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What is panoptic surveillance?
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Tyson's concerns about technology reinforcing inequalities reflects which sociological perspective?
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In 1983, how many corporations owned the majority of mass media outlets?
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What is the blank referred to in the following statement 'This is a product of ___.'?
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From the functionalist perspective, what is a function of social media?
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How is cyberfeminism defined?
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What is the definition of institutionalization?
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Marie does not understand how the lunch line in the cafeteria works, and she successfully buys lunch by following others. This experience is an example of _____?
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What does Erik Erikson's theory explain?
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Which of the following is an example of socializing a child into a gender role?
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When do humans begin to think about the feelings of other people, according to Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
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Bobby believes he is stupid because others call him that. What concept would Charles Cooley attribute this to?
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Katrina and Sharon's play with dolls reflects which of George Herbert Mead's stages of development?
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What was one key impact of Émile Durkheim's study of suicide?
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The teacher and Jimmy's father debate about which fundamental sociological theory?
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Parents socialize their children to:
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Why is education important to society?
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What is a possible cause for the transition from college life to work life to be difficult?
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Sherry is transitioning to a nursing home. What is she most likely to experience?
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Monks locking themselves in a monastery would be labeled as:
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In an effort to control a total institution, inmates are forced to undergo which process?
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Sumaira becomes a business major to secure a job. What has she completed?
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Mark and Matt have different beliefs due to their backgrounds. Which sociological paradigm does this illustrate?
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Joseph and Paula want to pass on their cultural values to their child. Which sociological paradigm does this fit?
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Baby Marla is dressed meticulously to signal her gender. Which paradigm does this illustrate?
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Ahmed is navigating bureaucracy to add an AP class. His experience exemplifies:
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Whose study described the differences in the way boys and girls view morality?
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Sandy is part of a line wrapping around the block for concert tickets. This describes a:
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What distinguishes a primary group from a secondary group?
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Which of the following demonstrates an in-group/out-group dynamic?
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Michael looks to his basketball team for cues on behavior. This team serves as his _____?
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What defines a total institution?
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Grace's coworkers assist her at work. They are serving a(n):
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What characterizes an instrumental leader?
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Christine adopts a hands-off approach in her comedy troupe. She is a(n) _____ leader.
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According to Solomon Asch, why do people conform to a group?
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The United States Government is an example of:
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What is NOT a characteristic of a bureaucracy?
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The McDonaldization of Society refers to:
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Kellan shops at Pacific Sun because his friends do. This is an example of:
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What defines reference groups?
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A socialite is court-ordered to enter rehab for drug addiction. This is an example of a:
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Justin enrolls in a community college to become an engineer. What is he entering?
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Which sociological pioneer conducted an experiment comparing line lengths?
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Kevin's discovery of fast food chains in Europe exemplifies:
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What leadership style did Mark Zuckerberg likely use in The Social Network?
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How is the term meritocracy defined?
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Ally's repeated arrests align with which theory?
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Study Notes
Institutionalization and Socialization
- Institutionalization refers to implanting conventions or norms into society.
- Socialization is a process wherein individuals learn and adapt behaviors in new environments, exemplified by Marie’s kindergarten experience.
Theories of Development
- Erik Erikson's theory emphasizes eight basic life stages where societal actions shape personality development.
- Kohlberg's moral development theory postulates that understanding others' feelings begins in teenage years.
- Carol Gilligan studied differing moral views between genders, contrasting with earlier theories.
Gender Socialization
- Gender roles are formed through societal norms, as seen when Sarah receives a toy kitchen, reinforcing traditional roles.
Self-Concept and Identity
- The looking-glass self theory, proposed by Charles Cooley, illustrates how self-perception is influenced by societal perceptions, as shown with Bobby's experience at school.
Stages of Development
- George Herbert Mead's preparatory stage showcases children imitating adult behaviors, evident in Katrina and Sharon's play.
Suicide and Sociology
- Émile Durkheim’s study of suicide illustrated the distinction between sociology and psychology, highlighting societal influences on individual behaviors.
Nature vs. Nurture
- A debate exists between natural predispositions and social upbringing, as shown in the teacher-father discussion about Jimmy’s behavior.
Education and Norms
- Education serves various social functions, including imparting norms and interpersonal skills, creating a cohesive society.
Transitions and Resocialization
- Life transitions, like Sherry moving to a nursing home, can lead to resocialization, adapting to new norms and routines.
Institutions and Organizations
- Total institutions control lifestyles and require complete resocialization, while bureaucracies, like government agencies, have defined roles and hierarchies.
- A coercive organization, such as rehabilitation centers, compels individuals to conform to its rules.
Leadership and Group Dynamics
- Laissez-faire and authoritarian leadership styles impact group dynamics and outcomes, with distinct emphasis on participation and control.
- Reference groups provide benchmarks for individuals' behavior, as seen with Michael's basketball team.
Social Structures
- Primary groups consist of small, emotional relationships, while secondary groups are larger and more impersonal.
- Aggregate refers to a collection of individuals temporarily together, as seen with Sandy in line for tickets.
Deviance and Crime
- Deviance is any violation of established norms, including folkways and laws, while crime is a specific violation punishable by law.
- Differential association theory explains how individuals learn deviance through interactions with others, highlighted by Ally's family experiences.
Social Sanctions
- Positive formal sanctions reward behavior through official recognition, such as promotions, while negative sanctions are punitive reactions to deviance.
- Hate crimes are defined by bias against specific groups, differing from general violent crimes.
Sociological Perspectives
- Structural functionalism views society as a complex system with interdependent parts, whereas conflict theory focuses on social inequalities and power dynamics.
- Symbolic interactionism examines individual interactions shaped by societal symbols, affecting personal identity and social roles.### Deviance and Social Control
- Deviance can have diverse interpretations, including being seen as insignificant, instrumental, or necessary to challenge societal views.
- Social control refers to the regulation and enforcement of norms within society.
U.S. Criminal Justice System
- Branches include the police, courts, and corrections, but the jury is not classified as a branch.
Deviance Concepts
- Secondary deviance: Change in self-concept and behavior following societal labeling as deviant.
- Negative informal sanctions exemplified by public ridicule, such as Beatrix being booed off stage.
Theories of Deviance
- Strain theory highlights the gap between socially acceptable goals and means, explaining deviance as a response to this disparity.
- Control theory focuses on societal practices and behaviors that help maintain order.
- Labeling theory explores how individuals internalize labels as "deviant," impacting their self-identity.
Types of Crime
- Bernie Madoff exemplifies corporate crime through his Ponzi scheme that defrauded clients.
- Deviance is not synonymous with crime; it can exist outside legal definitions.
Statistics
- As of 2008, 1 in 100 adults in the United States were incarcerated.
Sociological Perspectives on Technology
- Digital divide illustrates disparities in technology access, affecting educational preparedness.
- E-readiness emphasizes the capacity to navigate digital information effectively.
- Planned obsolescence occurs when products break or become outdated purposely to stimulate consumerism.
Media Dynamics
- Homogenization refers to uniform news coverage across multiple platforms, diminishing diversity of information.
- Technological diffusion is about technology spreading across geographical borders.
- Gatekeeping describes the control exerted by major media outlets over which stories are reported.
Media Globalization and Power Dynamics
- Media globalization entails the worldwide integration of ideas and cultures through media exchanges.
- Conflict theory examines who controls media narratives, particularly regarding marginalized groups.
- Governments may engage in censorship under the guise of media globalization.
Technological Change and Cultural Impacts
- The evolutionary model of technological change reflects the sequential development of technology (e.g., floppy disk to flash drives).
- Technophiles are individuals enthusiastic about adopting the latest technology.
Social Media Influence
- Social media serves multiple functions from a functionalist perspective, including entertainment and reinforcing social norms.
- Cyberfeminism promotes feminism within the online landscape.
Ownership Trends in Media
- In 1983, 50 corporations controlled most mass-media outlets; today, only 6 corporations dominate that space.
Surveillance Concepts
- Panoptic surveillance is characterized by decentralized monitoring systems where observers and the observed remain disconnected.
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Test your knowledge with this quiz focused on Chapter 5 of sociology. Discover key concepts including institutionalization and its impact on society. Perfect for students aiming to reinforce their understanding of sociological norms and conventions.