Questions and Answers
What is socialization?
Who experimented with monkeys to show the importance of affection?
Harry Harlow
What is required for personal and social development?
Intensive and prolonged social contact with others
Which perspective is most developed for studying socialization?
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What is self-concept?
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What does functionalism stress about society?
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The conflict perspective views socialization as a way to challenge the status quo.
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What is the looking-glass self?
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What is the 3-step process of the looking-glass self?
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Who are considered significant others?
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What does role taking allow us to do?
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What is the 3-stage process of role taking?
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What is the imitation stage in role taking?
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What is the play stage in role taking?
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What is the game stage in role taking?
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What is a generalized other?
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What does the term 'Me' in socialization refer to?
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What does the term 'I' in socialization represent?
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What are the major agents of socialization during childhood and adolescence?
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What do children learn within the family?
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What is hidden curriculum?
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What does the hidden curriculum teach children?
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What is a peer group?
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What do children gain experience in through peer groups?
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What are the mass media?
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What are the positive effects of the media?
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What are the negative effects of the media?
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Symbolic interactionism views socialization as a lifelong process.
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What is desocialization?
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What is resocialization?
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What does anticipatory socialization refer to?
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What is a reference group?
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What are total institutions?
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Study Notes
Socialization
- Cultural process through which individuals learn to participate in group life.
- Involves cultural transmission.
Harry Harlow's Experiment
- Used monkeys to demonstrate the necessity of affection, intimacy, and warmth in development.
Importance of Social Contact
- Personal and social development is gained from intensive, prolonged social interaction.
Theoretical Perspectives
- Symbolic Interactionism: Provides a comprehensive framework for studying socialization over a lifetime.
- Functionalism: Emphasizes how group cooperation fosters societal stability.
- Conflict Perspective: Views socialization as a mechanism to maintain existing social structures and class systems.
Self-Concept Development
- Formed by perceiving ourselves through others' perspectives, reflecting on how we are viewed.
Looking-Glass Self Process
- Three-step reflection process:
- Imagining how we appear to others.
- Considering others' reactions to our appearance.
- Evaluating ourselves based on perceived judgments.
Role Taking
- Enables understanding oneself through the eyes of others.
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Three Stages:
- Imitation Stage: Children mimic behaviors without comprehension.
- Play Stage: Children enact behaviors they believe others would perform.
- Game Stage: Children anticipate actions of others based on social norms.
Generalized Other
- An integrated view of the norms, values, and beliefs within a community or society.
The "Me" and "I"
- "Me": Represents conformity and expectations learned through socialization.
- "I": Represents spontaneous and unlearned behaviors.
Agents of Socialization
- Major agents during childhood and adolescence: family, school, peer groups, and mass media.
Family's Role in Learning
- Children learn to think, speak, internalize societal norms, form attitudes, build relationships, and develop a self-image.
Hidden Curriculum
- Informal values and norms taught in educational settings that promote discipline, order, cooperation, and conformity.
Peer Groups
- Composed of individuals of similar age and interests, providing a space for learning conflict resolution, self-direction, and independence.
Mass Media
- Channels like television, newspapers, and radio that communicate to the general public.
- Positive effects: exposure to role models, societal values.
- Negative effects: increases exposure to violence.
Lifelong Socialization
- Symbolic interactionism views socialization as a continuous process throughout life.
Desocialization and Resocialization
- Desocialization: The abandonment of old norms and values.
- Resocialization: The adoption of new norms, values, and behaviors.
Anticipatory Socialization
- Preparing for new roles and expectations in advance, such as transitions into retirement.
Reference Groups
- Groups individuals look to for self-evaluation and the acquisition of attitudes, values, and norms.
Total Institutions
- Environments where individuals are isolated from society, intended for desocialization and subsequent resocialization.
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