Sociology Chapter 2 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

Cultural lag refers to a situation in which elements of nonmaterial culture change, but elements of material culture do not.

False

What value does the scheduling of ceremonies to recognize talented student athletes and scholars illustrate?

achievement and success

All of the following statements are accurate in describing gestures, EXCEPT which one?

  • Gestures are universal. (correct)
  • Gestures are often misinterpreted.
  • Gestures are not significant in communication.
  • Gestures can vary significantly between cultures.

    • Without language, human culture would ________.

    <p>be little more advanced than lower primates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In recent years, cultures have become more similar to each other as a result of travel and communication. Sociologists use the term '________' to describe this process.

    <p>cultural leveling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Culture becomes the lens through which we perceive and evaluate what is going on around us.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The spread of cultural characteristics from one group to another refers to ________.

    <p>cultural diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Culture wars not only identify differences in values and norms, but they may also result in violence and strife among members of the same society.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sociologists use the concept of 'norms' to describe ________.

    <p>expectations or rules of behavior that develop from values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do Courtney, Joe, and Rufus have in common?

    <p>They are all members of subcultures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sociologists agree that human behavior has been bred into us through evolutionary principles.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Today we can find out why we are sick online, but we still go to see a doctor. This is an example of ________.

    <p>cultural lag</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The concept that one's own group is the center of everything is aligned with ________.

    <p>ethnocentrism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Ralph Linton's statement about culture imply?

    <p>Culture is taken for granted by members of society who share it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A group's way of thinking, including its beliefs and values, is classified as material culture.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A person receiving a positive sanction would be expected to sustain their exhibited behavior.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The anthropologist who gathered data on hundreds of groups and concluded customs differ was ________.

    <p>George Murdock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is Spanish continuously spoken in America from generation to generation?

    <p>There is a constant influx of new Hispanic immigrants into the U.S.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In his book Sick Societies, which concept is contrary to evaluating cultures on their 'quality of life'?

    <p>Cultural relativism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the three values added to Williams' original list?

    <p>Equality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Americans usually recognize hard work, education, and efficiency as desired qualities. This is an example of ________.

    <p>a value cluster</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The relationship between fundamentalist Christians and the gay/lesbian community can best be described as which concept?

    <p>Culture war</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Language, beliefs, values, norms, behavior, and technology that are passed from one generation to the next describe ________.

    <p>culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The author's description of the arrival of the Hmong in America illustrates that culture shock is experienced worldwide.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sociologists are now developing _________, which emphasizes the influence of genes on human behavior.

    <p>genetics-informed sociology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Receiving the Medal of Honor and making the Dean's List are examples of ________.

    <p>positive sanctions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a group has a distinctive way of looking at life but reflects the dominant culture, it is considered a(n) ________.

    <p>subculture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sociologist who identified the core values of American society was ________.

    <p>Robin Williams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Groups are more prone to change their material culture before their nonmaterial culture.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement describes examples of countercultures?

    <p>Chicago Cubs fans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From a sociological perspective, which classification fits 19th century Mormons and 21st century physicians?

    <p>Mormons as counterculture, physicians as subculture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term best describes American society given the participation of diverse groups in the legislative process?

    <p>America is a pluralistic society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The behavior of professors not learning to use supplied computers is an example of ________.

    <p>cultural lag</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When the Mormons first established their settlement in Utah, they would have been classified as a counterculture because of their belief in polygyny.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do Harry, Harvey, and Horace have in common based on their choices?

    <p>They are expressing their own values in the choices they make.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What statement best describes the probable behavior behind Clarisse and Cindy's actions during spring break?

    <p>Clarisse and Cindy considered themselves on a moral holiday.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who developed the concept of natural selection?

    <p>Charles Darwin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The condition that characterizes the difference between ideal culture and real culture is best defined as what?

    <p>Cultural dissonance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During Chanukah, what do Jewish families represent in terms of culture?

    <p>subculture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The emerging tools and skills needed to use them are called ________.

    <p>new technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    McDonald's selling Quarter Pounders globally is an example of ________.

    <p>cultural leveling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anthropologists Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf concluded that ________.

    <p>language creates ways of thinking and perceiving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The core values reflected in the 'human potential' movement is ________.

    <p>self-fulfillment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a value cluster?

    <p>Physical fitness, self-fulfillment, youthfulness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A person engaged in value contradiction professes a belief in freedom and equality while demonstrating racist behavior.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The refusal of Christians to accept Islam is an example of what concept?

    <p>Ethnocentrism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Symbols can be combined to communicate abstract thought. This is referred to as ________.

    <p>language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The diverse culinary options available in Manhattan illustrate the process of ________.

    <p>cultural diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following statements are accurate regarding language, EXCEPT which one?

    <p>Language is universal in meaning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Jewelry, art, hairstyles, and clothing each represent examples of ________.

    <p>material culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By definition, subcultures are a threat to the mainstream culture.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ethnocentrism has no redeeming qualities.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There is nothing 'natural' about material or nonmaterial culture.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the conflict between the gay community and parade trustees suggest?

    <p>Social change that brings attention to gay rights and eventual acceptance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic premise of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?

    <p>Language determines our consciousness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Viewing bullfighting from its cultural history is an example of cultural relativism.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The author's experience in Morocco left him with a profound sense of ________.

    <p>culture shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The automobile is an example of ________.

    <p>technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Harry's comments about the Vietnamese people illustrate what concept?

    <p>ethnocentrism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term does NOT belong with the others: social learning, behavior modification, behavioral psychology?

    <p>Cognitive therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If Alice came to class not wearing a blouse, she would be violating a ________.

    <p>more</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When referring to value contradiction, which statement best describes Lamont?

    <p>Lamont is engaged in value contradiction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Madagascar's cultural practice of famadihana is considered an inferior practice by Robert Edgerton.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At the Back to Nature Nudist Colony, Ernie and Morello are conforming to the folkways of their subculture.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the emerging values in American society according to sociologists?

    <p>leisure, self-fulfillment, physical fitness, youthfulness, and environmental concern</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Animals that rely solely on instinct lack a ________.

    <p>cerebral cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'cultural lag' was coined by sociologist ________.

    <p>William Ogburn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When on 'moral holiday,' norms are expected to be broken.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What statement best applies to Kristina's experience regarding culture shock?

    <p>Kristina experienced culture shock.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of Williams' U.S. values contradicts freedom, democracy, and equality?

    <p>Group superiority</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The two anthropologists who studied the Hopi Indians were ________.

    <p>Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language serves merely as common sense expressed in words.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Language allows culture to develop by freeing people to move beyond their immediate experiences.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Good nutrition and medical care are classified by sociologist Robin Williams as ________.

    <p>material comfort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Because America consists of many different groups, it is classified as a pluralistic society.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cultural Concepts

    • Cultural lag occurs when nonmaterial culture (norms, values) changes without corresponding changes in material culture (technology).
    • Cultural leveling refers to the process by which cultures become more similar due to globalization and communication.

    Values in American Society

    • Achievement and success are core values recognized in American society, highlighting the importance placed on talent in schools and athletics.
    • The core values identified by sociologist Robin Williams include leisure, self-fulfillment, physical fitness, youthfulness, and environmental concern.

    Norms and Behaviors

    • Norms are defined as expectations or rules of behavior derived from shared values, influencing social conduct.
    • A counterculture exists when a group rejects and opposes dominant cultural values.
    • The existence of subcultures reflects diversity within society, not necessarily threatening the mainstream culture.

    Language and Communication

    • Language shapes thought processes, as expressed in the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, suggesting that language influence perceptions and behaviors.
    • Symbols in language can be combined in various ways to communicate complex ideas and emotions.

    Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism

    • Ethnocentrism is characterized by judging other cultures based on one's own cultural standards, often leading to a sense of superiority.
    • Cultural relativism promotes understanding and acceptance of different cultural practices without judgment.

    Social Change and Conflict

    • Cultural conflicts, such as debates surrounding same-sex marriage among fundamentalist Christians and the LGBTQ+ community, highlight differing values within society.
    • Social change often arises from conflicts in values, leading to greater awareness and acceptance of diverse groups.

    Cultural Practices and Shock

    • Cultural practices, such as Madagascar's famadihana (dancing with the dead), reflect unique expressions of a community and are not necessarily inferior.
    • Culture shock is the disorientation experienced when encountering unfamiliar cultural practices, often leading to reevaluation of one's own cultural beliefs.

    Relationships Between Values

    • A value cluster occurs when related values, such as hard work, education, and efficiency, are interlinked and reinforce one another.
    • Conflicting values can lead to contradictions in individual beliefs and societal expectations, illustrating complexities in human behavior.

    Technology and Society

    • New technology significantly impacts social interaction and cultural practices, necessitating adaptation in behavior and norms.
    • Cultural diffusion is observed when cultural elements, such as cuisine or fashion, are shared across different societies, enhancing cultural diversity.

    Assessment of Cultures

    • Cultures can be assessed not just through acceptance but by evaluating their impact on quality of life, challenging the notion of cultural relativism.
    • Recognition of pluralism in society acknowledges the coexistence of various cultural groups and promotes inclusivity.

    Emotional and Psychological Dimensions

    • Experiencing a sense of 'moral holiday' indicates periods when individuals feel free to break societal norms, often leading to contrasting behaviors with their usual conduct.

    These points outline fundamental concepts in sociology regarding culture, values, norms, and their implications on social behavior and interactions.

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    Test your knowledge of key concepts in Sociology Chapter 2 with these flashcards. Explore terms like cultural lag and the values recognized in American high schools. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of sociological principles.

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