Podcast
Questions and Answers
For which groups has sociological research found that getting an education facilitates movement into the upper classes?
For which groups has sociological research found that getting an education facilitates movement into the upper classes?
- All groups (correct)
- No group
- Working class
- Middle class Whites
Which of the following options is considered the stratification function of schools?
Which of the following options is considered the stratification function of schools?
- Drawing on existing stratification
- Sorting people into different categories
- Sorting people into existing social categories
- All of the above (correct)
How are occupation, class, and education related?
How are occupation, class, and education related?
- Occupation is influenced by social class background and formal education. (correct)
- Education provides upward social mobility for all, regardless of class.
- Social class is heavily influenced by level of formal education.
- Elite boarding schools are attended by members of all social classes in equal proportions.
What is the relationship between educational test scores (e.g., SAT and ACT) and social class?
What is the relationship between educational test scores (e.g., SAT and ACT) and social class?
What has been the overall impact of compulsory education in the U.S. since the 19th century?
What has been the overall impact of compulsory education in the U.S. since the 19th century?
What is a standardized ability test?
What is a standardized ability test?
What is a major criticism of standardized ability tests?
What is a major criticism of standardized ability tests?
The extent to which standardized tests accurately predict future college grades is called what?
The extent to which standardized tests accurately predict future college grades is called what?
What was the original purpose of the SAT and IQ tests?
What was the original purpose of the SAT and IQ tests?
Which statement is most true about college students entering college today?
Which statement is most true about college students entering college today?
Which of the following is NOT a criticism of using standardized testing to measure cognitive ability?
Which of the following is NOT a criticism of using standardized testing to measure cognitive ability?
Natural differences in ability between people are generally found to exist where?
Natural differences in ability between people are generally found to exist where?
In 'The Bell Curve', how much do Herrnstein and Murray estimate intelligence to be genetically heritable?
In 'The Bell Curve', how much do Herrnstein and Murray estimate intelligence to be genetically heritable?
Separating students according to cognitive ability is most commonly called what?
Separating students according to cognitive ability is most commonly called what?
Critics of tracking argue that students in lower tracks learn less because they are taught less.
Critics of tracking argue that students in lower tracks learn less because they are taught less.
According to the NAEP, what has been the impact of the No Child Left Behind legislation?
According to the NAEP, what has been the impact of the No Child Left Behind legislation?
If a student wants to reform the U.S. approach to healthcare, they might focus on which issue?
If a student wants to reform the U.S. approach to healthcare, they might focus on which issue?
The increased prestige of medicine and status of physicians coincided with what event?
The increased prestige of medicine and status of physicians coincided with what event?
When the American Medical Association was established in 1847, which was true?
When the American Medical Association was established in 1847, which was true?
As the practice of medicine became an upper-class profession, it became more associated with which traits?
As the practice of medicine became an upper-class profession, it became more associated with which traits?
As medicine became a profession, how was it stratified in terms of race and class?
As medicine became a profession, how was it stratified in terms of race and class?
When was obesity first included in the Medicare Program as a disease?
When was obesity first included in the Medicare Program as a disease?
Most women who acquire AIDS do so through which means?
Most women who acquire AIDS do so through which means?
What do sociologists believe is the most important factor in reducing the incidence of AIDS?
What do sociologists believe is the most important factor in reducing the incidence of AIDS?
Which perspective views the positive functions of the health care system as prevention and treatment of disease?
Which perspective views the positive functions of the health care system as prevention and treatment of disease?
From which perspective is inequality viewed as a barrier to equitable access to medical care?
From which perspective is inequality viewed as a barrier to equitable access to medical care?
Which perspective is most likely to assert that health care reflects societal inequalities?
Which perspective is most likely to assert that health care reflects societal inequalities?
According to which perspective is the fundamental problem of the health care system that it produces sociopolitical problems?
According to which perspective is the fundamental problem of the health care system that it produces sociopolitical problems?
From which perspective is excessive bureaucratization of the health care system viewed as a source of high costs?
From which perspective is excessive bureaucratization of the health care system viewed as a source of high costs?
According to which perspective is structural inequality a primary source of problems within the health care system?
According to which perspective is structural inequality a primary source of problems within the health care system?
Which perspective highlights socially constructed problems in the health care system?
Which perspective highlights socially constructed problems in the health care system?
Which perspective is most likely to believe that illness is partly socially constructed?
Which perspective is most likely to believe that illness is partly socially constructed?
The relationship between health care providers and patients can be characterized by what interaction?
The relationship between health care providers and patients can be characterized by what interaction?
Symbolic interactionists studying healthcare provider-patient interactions have found that:
Symbolic interactionists studying healthcare provider-patient interactions have found that:
Immunization against childhood diseases reveals what distribution issue in the U.S.?
Immunization against childhood diseases reveals what distribution issue in the U.S.?
How is access to health care distributed in the U.S.?
How is access to health care distributed in the U.S.?
The study of all factors associated with disease in society is called what?
The study of all factors associated with disease in society is called what?
Which group is least likely to utilize health services?
Which group is least likely to utilize health services?
The types of education in the U.S. include all of the following except:
The types of education in the U.S. include all of the following except:
Schooling refers to:
Schooling refers to:
Which of the following is true regarding graduation rates?
Which of the following is true regarding graduation rates?
Bob is going to a private school. He is most likely attending a:
Bob is going to a private school. He is most likely attending a:
The United States is no longer the world leader in student math and science achievement scores. According to the text, what explains this decline in the nation's standing?
The United States is no longer the world leader in student math and science achievement scores. According to the text, what explains this decline in the nation's standing?
According to functionalists, education accomplishes all of the following, except:
According to functionalists, education accomplishes all of the following, except:
According to conflict theorists, education supports the needs of a capitalist economy.
According to conflict theorists, education supports the needs of a capitalist economy.
Which of the following conclusions is accurate regarding social mobility and education?
Which of the following conclusions is accurate regarding social mobility and education?
Since education became mandatory,
Since education became mandatory,
Achievement tests are intended to measure what has actually been learned.
Achievement tests are intended to measure what has actually been learned.
Group differences in IQ tests and SAT scores are related to all of the following, except:
Group differences in IQ tests and SAT scores are related to all of the following, except:
According to Herrnstein and Murray's The Bell Curve:
According to Herrnstein and Murray's The Bell Curve:
Research on tracking has found all of the following, except:
Research on tracking has found all of the following, except:
In 1964, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in the case of Brown vs. the Board of Education that:
In 1964, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in the case of Brown vs. the Board of Education that:
One of the major goals of No Child Left Behind was:
One of the major goals of No Child Left Behind was:
Health care is:
Health care is:
What has been the outcome of No Child Left Behind?
What has been the outcome of No Child Left Behind?
Recently, obesity has become:
Recently, obesity has become:
Which geographic region of the United States has the highest obesity rates?
Which geographic region of the United States has the highest obesity rates?
The impact on an individual's social identity when they are devalued due to an identifiable characteristic is termed:
The impact on an individual's social identity when they are devalued due to an identifiable characteristic is termed:
The Americans with Disabilities Act requires employers and schools to provide:
The Americans with Disabilities Act requires employers and schools to provide:
Medicare provides all of the following, except:
Medicare provides all of the following, except:
Which of the following countries spends the highest proportion of their gross national product on health care?
Which of the following countries spends the highest proportion of their gross national product on health care?
The health care crisis in the United States is largely a question of:
The health care crisis in the United States is largely a question of:
The Affordable Health Care for America Act of 2010 does all of the following, except:
The Affordable Health Care for America Act of 2010 does all of the following, except:
Which of the following would be considered a latent function of education?
Which of the following would be considered a latent function of education?
In the U.S., one's SAT score may be used as a "proxy" measure of one's social class. What does this mean?
In the U.S., one's SAT score may be used as a "proxy" measure of one's social class. What does this mean?
Which of the following is not a consistent outcome of SAT scores?
Which of the following is not a consistent outcome of SAT scores?
What do England's Eleven Plus test, the German test called Abitur, and the U.S. SAT standardized test have in common?
What do England's Eleven Plus test, the German test called Abitur, and the U.S. SAT standardized test have in common?
Standardized ability tests are intended to measure:
Standardized ability tests are intended to measure:
When the SAT was first introduced in the late 1940s, it was supposed to be an objective predictor of academic ability. How well does the SAT predict future achievement?
When the SAT was first introduced in the late 1940s, it was supposed to be an objective predictor of academic ability. How well does the SAT predict future achievement?
When a student takes a standardized ability test, administrators learn:
When a student takes a standardized ability test, administrators learn:
The research that The Bell Curve by Herrnstein and Murray was based on is considered flawed by many because:
The research that The Bell Curve by Herrnstein and Murray was based on is considered flawed by many because:
When germ theory first became established as the foundation of medicine:
When germ theory first became established as the foundation of medicine:
John has diabetes. The cost of treating it is:
John has diabetes. The cost of treating it is:
Breast cancer is most likely to afflict:
Breast cancer is most likely to afflict:
If the Joneses need palliative care such as hospice, the current health care system:
If the Joneses need palliative care such as hospice, the current health care system:
Which of the following is true about the Affordable Care Act?
Which of the following is true about the Affordable Care Act?
Which of these is not a problem within the U.S. health care system, as discussed by the text?
Which of these is not a problem within the U.S. health care system, as discussed by the text?
Increasing diversity in society creates new challenges for the health care system. The text notes that immigrants to the U.S. are generally treated better than native-born Americans.
Increasing diversity in society creates new challenges for the health care system. The text notes that immigrants to the U.S. are generally treated better than native-born Americans.
Research on the relationship of social class to health care finds that:
Research on the relationship of social class to health care finds that:
Comparing the health status of high-income people and lower-income people is used by the text to demonstrate that:
Comparing the health status of high-income people and lower-income people is used by the text to demonstrate that:
The U.S. currently spends about what percentage of its gross domestic product on health care?
The U.S. currently spends about what percentage of its gross domestic product on health care?
Education in the U.S. was made compulsory in:
Education in the U.S. was made compulsory in:
In the past, state laws in the South and West prohibited education for:
In the past, state laws in the South and West prohibited education for:
High school and college graduation rates are not the same for all racial-ethnic groups. In fact:
High school and college graduation rates are not the same for all racial-ethnic groups. In fact:
Jeff wants to home school his children. Statistically, he:
Jeff wants to home school his children. Statistically, he:
The four types of education in the U.S. are parochial, public, private, and home schooling. How does home schooling compare with other forms of education?
The four types of education in the U.S. are parochial, public, private, and home schooling. How does home schooling compare with other forms of education?
A poor community in the U.S. wants to increase the life chances of its best students. It must contend most with school:
A poor community in the U.S. wants to increase the life chances of its best students. It must contend most with school:
Functionalist theory emphasizes that education unifies and stabilizes society.
Functionalist theory emphasizes that education unifies and stabilizes society.
According to functionalists, schools provide along with learning skills:
According to functionalists, schools provide along with learning skills:
From a conflict perspective, unequal education is used to separate different groups and benefit those in the middle and upper classes.
From a conflict perspective, unequal education is used to separate different groups and benefit those in the middle and upper classes.
The perspective that focuses on the process of how expectations are created as students and teachers interact is:
The perspective that focuses on the process of how expectations are created as students and teachers interact is:
Which theoretical perspective is the concept of the teacher expectancy effect associated with?
Which theoretical perspective is the concept of the teacher expectancy effect associated with?
A teacher believes that Latinos are poor at math. The interaction between a Latino student and the teacher has the effect of encouraging the Latino student to fail. This phenomenon is called:
A teacher believes that Latinos are poor at math. The interaction between a Latino student and the teacher has the effect of encouraging the Latino student to fail. This phenomenon is called:
The teacher expectancy effect occurs independently of a student's actual ability. What explains this effect?
The teacher expectancy effect occurs independently of a student's actual ability. What explains this effect?
When expectations are converted into reality or actual performance, this is called:
When expectations are converted into reality or actual performance, this is called:
The process of labeling a student a 'good student,' the attention the teacher pays to that student, and the adjustment of a student's behavior to meet expectations is explained by theory:
The process of labeling a student a 'good student,' the attention the teacher pays to that student, and the adjustment of a student's behavior to meet expectations is explained by theory:
Level of formal education achieved is strongly correlated with:
Level of formal education achieved is strongly correlated with:
What is the relationship between formal education and occupational status?
What is the relationship between formal education and occupational status?
What is the relationship between income, gender, and education?
What is the relationship between income, gender, and education?
Study Notes
Education in the U.S.
- Types of education include charter schools, homeschooling, and private schooling, but not vocational education.
- Schooling is defined as formal, institutionalized education.
- Private schools, often religious or parochial, attend to students like Bob, who might be enrolled there.
- Since 1940, White students have maintained the highest graduation rates among racial groups.
- Education has become mandatory since 1900, which has reduced many inequalities in society.
Educational System and Achievement
- The U.S. no longer leads in math and science achievement scores due to systemic inequality.
- Functionalists view education as a means of socialization, occupational training, and social control, but not as a source of teacher expectancy.
- Conflict theorists argue that education supports capitalist interests, reinforcing existing social inequalities.
Social Mobility and Education
- Education is an important predictor of social mobility, although it benefits primarily the middle and upper classes.
- Group differences in IQ and standardized test scores stem from factors like parental education, social class, and childhood socialization.
Standardized Testing Insights
- Achievement tests aim to measure learned material.
- The SAT and similar tests serve as proxies for social class, correlated with family income.
- Historical discrepancies in SAT scores reveal racial inequalities, with minorities scoring lower than Whites.
Health Care in the U.S.
- The U.S. spends approximately 15% of its GDP on healthcare, more than any other country.
- The Affordable Health Care for America Act requires individuals to purchase health insurance but does not provide free coverage for all children.
- Medicare covers medical insurance and hospital care, but not dental care.
- Recent trends show obesity increasingly recognized as a public health issue, particularly in the Mid-South region.
Stigma and Disability
- Stigma refers to the devaluation of an individual's identity due to identifiable characteristics.
- The Americans with Disabilities Act mandates reasonable accommodations for individuals with disabilities.
Teacher Expectations and Student Performance
- Teacher expectancy can significantly impact student performance through self-fulfilling prophecies.
- Interactionist theory explains how student behavior is shaped by teachers' expectations and labeling.
- The "teacher expectancy effect" occurs independently of the student's actual ability.
Socioeconomic Factors in Education
- There is a direct correlation between formal education, occupational prestige, and income, with higher educational attainment often leading to better job prospects.
- Educational opportunities and outcomes vary significantly by race, with minorities historically facing greater challenges.
Societal Challenges in Education
- Challenges arise from the current educational system, including unequal funding and responsiveness of teachers.
- Diverse societal demographics increase complexity in addressing health care and educational needs, particularly for immigrant populations.
Summary of Key Theories
- Functionalist theory highlights education's role in unifying society while conflict theory emphasizes its use in perpetuating existing class stratifications.
- Stratification in education is matched with social class outcomes, implementing sorting mechanisms that evolve from existing societal structures.
General Observations
- Compulsory education has both advanced opportunities and reinforced existing inequalities across demographic groups in the U.S.
- Understanding the relationship between education, health, and socioeconomic status is crucial for developing equitable interventions and policies.### Standardized Testing
- Standardized ability tests measure a person's potential rather than what they have learned over time.
- Major criticism is their inability to equally predict future school performance, particularly favoring White males.
- Predictive validity refers to how well standardized tests can forecast future college grades.
- SAT and IQ tests were designed by middle-class White males and have not equalized educational opportunities for minorities and women.
Segregation in Education
- College students today generally come from more segregated high schools compared to the 1980s.
- Critics argue tracking leads to less learning for students in lower tracks due to diminished teacher attention.
- The National Assessment of Educational Progress indicates achievement gaps between White students and students of color have widened since the implementation of No Child Left Behind.
SOCIETY & HEALTH CARE
- Prevention and treatment are seen as positive functions of the health care system from a functionalist perspective.
- From a conflict perspective, social inequality results in unequal access to medical care.
- Structural inequality is viewed as a major contributor to problems within the health care system.
Historical Context of Medicine
- The American Medical Association was established in 1847 and sought to marginalize alternative therapies.
- Medicine evolved into a predominantly upper-class, white male profession.
Obesity and AIDS
- Obesity was designated as a disease by Medicare in 2004.
- Most women infected with AIDS acquire it through heterosexual contact.
- Understanding social networks is crucial for reducing AIDS incidence, according to sociologists.
Health Care System and Inequality
- Symbolic interactionists examine how healthcare providers' attitudes affect patient experiences, particularly for the poor.
- Immunization distribution is unequal, with many urban and rural residents lacking access or understanding of its importance.
- Access to healthcare is notably better in urban/suburban than rural areas, with minority groups experiencing greater disparities.
Disease Factors and Utilization of Services
- Epidemiology studies all societal factors associated with disease.
- Hispanics are identified as the group least likely to utilize available health services.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge on key topics from Sociology Chapter 14 with these flashcards. This quiz covers various forms of education, graduation rates, and definitions related to schooling in the U.S. Ideal for students looking to reinforce their learning.
