Sociology Chapter 13 - Tribal Stigma
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Questions and Answers

Who coined the term tribal stigma?

Erving Goffman

Race are distinct genetic categories with sharp boundaries between them.

False

Tribal stigma transforms the ethnic 'other' into deviants.

True

Racial stigmatization is non-existent in the contemporary United States.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Anti-Semitism is a form of tribal stigma.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Race is a social construct.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is race?

<p>A socially constructed category of persons who share phenotypical characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 2 different aspects of race?

<p>Temporal and Comparative Aspect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the positivist view on race?

<p>Racial classification systems are real in their consequences but have no genetic basis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the constructivist view on race?

<p>Race is a social construct tied to power and politics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How was race constructed in the United States?

<p>Through colonialism and slavery, as well as political authorities like the US Census.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the origins of race globally and how was exploitation of people based on race justified?

<p>Origins are based on kinship in antiquity and pseudo-science justified exploitation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the numerous changes over time in the definitions of race in the US census prove?

<p>That race is a social construct that is constantly changing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is race a social construct?

<p>Because it has no genetic basis and there is more variation within races.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is racism?

<p>The process by which systems and policies create inequitable opportunities based on race.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does tribal stigma consist of?

<p>Prejudice, inferior/superior distinctions, influenced by power relations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is racism a form of tribal stigma?

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Trump's election into office have to do with racism?

<p>Racial resentment among voters contributed to Trump's 2016 election win.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 2 principal types of institutional racism? Give examples of each from American history.

<p>Direct Institutional Racism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do black people have such lower incomes and family wealth than white people?

<p>Historically rooted racial and social inequity, particularly barriers in home ownership.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is the American upward mobility 'pull yourself up by the bootstraps' ideology true for black people?

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What 2 races have the lowest life expectancies?

<p>Natives/Pacific Islanders and Black People.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What 2 races have the highest infant mortality rates?

<p>Black people and Natives/Pacific Islanders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the likelihood of imprisonment for black men vs white men?

<p>Likelihood for Black men is 1 in 3; for White men is 1 in 17.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some current day examples of discrimination in employment and lending?

<p>Name discrimination and unequal treatment in the auto lending market.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What race has the lowest rates of home ownership?

<p>Black people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is home ownership so important?

<p>It is usually the largest source of wealth for families.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is redlining?

<p>A government practice that discriminated against minorities in housing loans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did home ownership in the United States change in the 1930s?

<p>GI's returned from war, leading to easier mortgage options.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Fair Housing Act of 1968?

<p>It removed racial language from federal housing policy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is white flight?

<p>The phenomenon of white residents leaving neighborhoods as they become racially integrated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is blockbusting?

<p>The practice of instilling fear about racial integration to cause white flight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the modern day results of redlining?

<p>Low home ownership, lack of generational wealth, and ongoing segregation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between racism and education?

<p>Powerful groups control the narrative and policy on how racism is taught.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Chicago Field Study?

<p>A study assigning students to read critical vs non-critical texts on racism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Literature Review Study on how racism is taught in schools?

<p>It showed teaching racism leads to increased empathy and fairness among students.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the current debate/political status of how racism is taught in public schools?

<p>There is conflict over whether teaching the history of racism is beneficial or harmful.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Tribal Stigma

  • Erving Goffman coined the term "tribal stigma," referring to stigmata based on race, nation, and religion.
  • Tribal stigma creates social challenges; individuals with racial differences face expectations of equality that, when violated, lead to awkward interactions.

Race and Classification

  • Race is a social construct, not based on distinct genetic categories.
  • Racial stigmatization turns ethnic minorities into perceived deviants.

Historical Context of Race

  • The origins of race involve prior notions of kinship rather than physical traits; it was misused to justify slavery through pseudo-scientific distinctions.
  • Racial classification systems have real-world impacts, albeit lacking genetic foundations.
  • Changes over time in the definitions of race, such as those seen in US census data, underscore the fluidity of racial constructs.

Institutional Racism

  • Two main types of institutional racism are identified: Direct and Indirect. Direct examples include Jim Crow laws and mass incarceration policies. Indirect examples involve modern discriminatory voting trends.
  • Racism is defined as systemic processes that create inequitable opportunities based on race, establishing a superior/inferior classification and justifying unequal treatment.

Economic Inequities

  • Historical racial and social inequities explain significant disparities in income and wealth between Black individuals and White individuals.
  • Data suggests that the ideology of "pull yourself up by the bootstraps" does not accurately reflect the realities faced by Black Americans regarding social mobility.

Health Disparities

  • Natives/Pacific Islanders and Black individuals have the lowest life expectancies.
  • Black individuals and Natives/Pacific Islanders also experience the highest infant mortality rates.

Criminal Justice Disparities

  • The likelihood of imprisonment for Black men is significantly higher than for White men (1 in 3 vs. 1 in 17).

Modern Discrimination Examples

  • Name discrimination persists, affecting hiring practices; studies show names like Lakisha and Jamal face bias compared to names like Emily and Greg.
  • Racial discrimination in auto lending shows lower rates of favorable treatment for POC borrowers.

Home Ownership

  • Black Americans have the lowest home ownership rates due to a history of racial discrimination in housing markets.
  • Home ownership is crucial for building wealth, as it serves as a major financial asset.

Redlining and Segregation

  • Redlining historically limited Black Americans' access to mortgages, perpetuating economic disadvantage and segregation.
  • Post-GI Bill housing policies favored White Americans, further entrenching geographic and economic disparities.

Effects of Legislation

  • The Fair Housing Act of 1968 aimed to eliminate racial discrimination in housing, leading to phenomena like "white flight," where White residents left neighborhoods as Black residents moved in.
  • Blockbusting practices exploited white flight, profiting from rapid market instability created by racial integration fears.

Education and Racism

  • Education impacts perceptions of race; teaching critical views on racism fosters empathy among students.
  • The teaching of the historical context of racism in schools is contentious, with many educators lacking training on cultural competency.

Current Debates

  • The political discourse around teaching racism in schools highlights disagreements over its benefits and harms, often resulting in historical misrepresentations in textbooks.
  • Teachers, predominantly white, may not adequately discuss the complexities of slavery, the effects of institutional racism, and current disparities stemming from historical injustices.

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Explore Chapter 13 on Tribal Stigma as defined by Erving Goffman. This quiz focuses on the concepts of race, nation, and religion, and how these attributes contribute to social stigma. Test your understanding of Goffman's theories and their implications in society.

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