Sociology Chapter 1: Perspectives
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Questions and Answers

Who is considered the father of sociology?

  • Harriet Martineau
  • Karl Marx
  • Auguste Comte (correct)
  • Emile Durkheim

    • Anomie refers to a strong adherence to social norms and values.

    False

    What is the definition of sociology?

    The scientific study of society and human behavior.

    ____ coined the term positivism.

    <p>Auguste Comte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sociologist focused on the idea that history is fundamentally about class conflict?

    <p>Karl Marx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the sociologist with their contribution:

    <p>Auguste Comte = Law of 3 stages Harriet Martineau = Feminist perspective Emile Durkheim = Established sociology Max Weber = Responsibilities delegation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    C. Wright Mills' sociological imagination allows individuals to perceive societal structures beyond everyday life.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does sociobiology study?

    <p>The biological basis of social behavior in all organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following perspectives views gender as complementary and functional for societal stability?

    <p>Functionalist perspective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Human Capital Model suggests that women's earnings increase when they engage in child-rearing.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the feminist perspective view as the root cause of gender inequality?

    <p>Patriarchy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gender socialization occurs through our parents, teachers, friends, and the __________.

    <p>media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the gender stratification perspectives with their views:

    <p>Functionalist = Maintaining social order through gender roles Conflict = Power struggles between genders Feminist = Challenging systemic oppression Human Capital Model = Impact of child-rearing on women's earnings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sociologist is associated with the concept of 'Double Consciousness'?

    <p>W.E.B DuBois</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Karl Marx believed that history is defined by class harmony.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of Max Weber's concept of rational behavior?

    <p>Working efficiently and purposefully, often to pay off debts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Herbert Spencer’s view aligns with the concept of _______ which suggests that only the strongest members of society will survive.

    <p>survival of the fittest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the sociologists with their theories or concepts:

    <p>Emile Durkheim = Pre-modern society and religion Jane Addams = Hull House and applied science Robert Merton = Strain Theory C. Wright Mills = Power Elite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cultural relativism emphasize?

    <p>Understanding cultures in their own contexts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All cultural universals are tangible items.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of religion in pre-modern society according to Emile Durkheim?

    <p>It was crucial for social solidarity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Robert Merton's Strain Theory, _______ involves rejecting societal goals and means.

    <p>retreatism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines 'high culture'?

    <p>Arts and literature associated with society's elite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Subcultures actively reject the values and norms of the dominant culture.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is socialization?

    <p>The process of learning one’s culture and how to function within it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Harry Harlow's research emphasized the importance of _______ in social development.

    <p>contact comfort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who co-founded the Hull House as a social work initiative?

    <p>Jane Addams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the key differences in Anna's and Isabell's recovery processes?

    <p>Anna had no interaction with others, while Isabell was isolated with her mother.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Both Anna and Isabell were reported to be fully recovered after 2 years.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three aspects of self-concept according to Cooley?

    <p>self-image, ideal self, self-worth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term ______ refers to the process of learning that begins at birth and occurs in the home and family.

    <p>primary socialization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cognitive development stages with their descriptions:

    <p>Sensorimotor = Object permanence and mental schemes (Birth-2y) Preoperational = Symbolism, language, play pretend (3y-6y) Concrete operational = Understanding other viewpoints and logic (7y-11y) Formal operational = Abstract thinking, ethics, hypotheses (12y+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sociological perspective emphasizes socialization as a tool of control?

    <p>Conflict perspective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The anticipating socialization prepares an individual for roles they are currently in.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define primary group in sociology.

    <p>A primary group is characterized by close, personal relationships, such as family and friends.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A ______ status is one that is assigned at birth and generally unchangeable.

    <p>ascribed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a total institution?

    <p>A prison</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Mead, the 'I' represents the socialized aspect of a person.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the five essential tasks performed by social institutions according to functionalists?

    <p>Replacing members, teaching new members, producing/distributing goods and services, preserving order, providing a sense of purpose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Manifest functions are ______ while latent functions are ______.

    <p>intended; unintended</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept did Mead introduce to describe a child's awareness of societal expectations?

    <p>Generalized other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'anomie' refer to?

    <p>Loss of shared values and purpose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Role conflict occurs when incompatible demands are placed on a person by multiple statuses.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Provide an example of role strain.

    <p>A student feeling overwhelmed by academic and extracurricular demands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A ______ group influences a person's behavior and social attitudes regardless of membership.

    <p>reference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Peer Groups = Groups helping adolescents understand the world Bourgeoisie = The capitalist class who own production Proletariat = Working class who sell their labor Groupthink = Cohesive group decision-making process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary group?

    <p>A small group with face-to-face interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Deviance only includes criminal behavior.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of deviance?

    <p>Behavior that violates significant social norms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to functionalism, deviance serves to ______ norms.

    <p>clarify</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the deviance theories with their descriptions:

    <p>Strain Theory = Deviance resulting from social structures Labeling Theory = How labels affect deviant identity Control Theory = Focus on social bonds preventing deviance Differential Association = Learning deviance from groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinction between sex and gender?

    <p>Sex is biological, while gender is social</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sexism refers to the equal treatment of all genders.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of intersectionality?

    <p>A framework for understanding how individual identities create unique experiences of discrimination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A _______ crime typically involves non-violent acts such as fraud or embezzlement.

    <p>white-collar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Chapter 1: Sociological Perspectives

    • Sociology defined: The scientific study of society and human behavior.
    • Auguste Comte's impact: Considered the "father of sociology," Comte established sociology as a scientific discipline, laying foundational ideas for the study of society.
    • Positivism: Coined by Comte, positivism relies on scientific evidence (experiments/statistics) to explain societal operation.
    • Sociological Imagination (C. Wright Mills): A framework for interpreting social issues beyond individual limitations.
    • Anomie: Breakdown of social norms, values, and expectations within a society.
    • Emile Durkheim's Impact: Helped to define and establish sociology as a field of study.
    • Karl Marx's Focus: Believed history is driven by class conflict, with the upper class controlling the means of production and profits, while workers seek to overthrow them.
    • Max Weber's Focus: Examined the aspects of non-rational and rational behavior in society.
    • Symbolic Interactionism (Cooley & Mead): Emphasizes symbols and interactions in shaping our perception of the world.
    • Industrialization: Transformation from agricultural societies to manufacturing-based economies.
    • Sociobiology: Study of the biological basis of social behavior in organisms.
    • Comte, Martineau, Spencer, Durkheim, DuBois, Marx, Weber, Addams, Merton, Mills (contributions): Detailed below.

    Sociologists & Contributions

    • Auguste Comte: Developed the Law of Three Stages: Theological, Metaphysical, and Positive.
    • Harriet Martineau: Advocated for social reform and improvement for all, pioneering a feminist perspective. Translator of works of many figures in social sciences.
    • Herbert Spencer: Proposed Social Darwinism, emphasizing survival of the fittest in societal development (a controversial and antiquated idea in modern contexts).
    • Émile Durkheim: Analyzed modern and pre-modern societies, highlighting the importance of social solidarity and religion in pre-modern societies.
    • W.E.B. Du Bois: Introduced the concepts of double consciousness and race conflict, highlighting the challenges faced by African Americans.
    • Karl Marx: Emphasized class conflict as the driving force in history and the struggle for control over the means of production.
    • Max Weber: Differentiated between non-rational and rational behavior and analyzed varying sources of social power.
    • Jane Addams: Applied social science principles and social work, co-founding the Hull House to improve immigrant communities' lives.
    • Robert Merton: Developed Strain Theory, focusing on how access to socially accepted goals influences conformity and deviance.
    • C. Wright Mills: Introduced the concept of the power elite, highlighting a small group's influence over society.

    Chapter 2: Culture

    • Ethnocentrism: Judging other cultures by the standards of one's own.
    • Cultural Universals: Common elements across all cultures (e.g., language).
    • Material and Non-Material Culture: Material culture refers to physical objects, while non-material culture encompasses beliefs, values, and norms.
    • High vs. Low Culture: High culture is associated with elites, while low culture represents popular culture.
    • Culture Components: Symbols, language, norms.
    • Language and Perception of Race/Ethnicity: Language transmits ideas about racial/ethnic superiority.
    • Cultural Relativism: Understanding a culture on its own terms.
    • Values, Mores, Folkways: Values are broad standards for good/bad; folkways are informal rules; mores are formal rules.
    • Subcultures & Countercultures: Subcultures are groups within a larger culture; countercultures reject dominant cultural norms.
    • Functionalist, Conflict, Symbolic Interactionist, Postmodern Views on Culture: Detailed below.

    Chapter 3: Socialization

    • Socialization: The process of learning culture and societal functioning.
    • Harry Harlow and Contact Comfort: Researched the importance of caregiving and attachment.
    • Anna and Isabelle Cases: Examples of the significant impact of early socialization and the importance of interaction on development.
    • Sociological Theories of Human Development (Symbolic Interactionist):
    • Cooley's Self-Concept: Image of self based on others' perceptions.
    • Mead's Looking-Glass Self: Process of self-evaluation based on imagined perceptions of others.
    • Role Taking and Stages of Self-Development: Imitation, play, game stages, and "I" & "me" concepts.
    • Generalized Other: Awareness of societal expectations.
    • Functionalist Perspective (primary, secondary, tertiary): Primary socialization occurs in the family, secondary in other settings, and tertiary is new contexts in adulthood.
    • Conflict Perspective on Socialization: Socialization is a tool for maintaining power, perpetuating inequality, and controlling populations.
    • Agents of Socialization: Family, school, peers, mass media, gender socialization, racial socialization (examples provided).
    • Anticipatory Socialization: Preparing for future roles.
    • Resocialization and Total Institutions: Total institutions (e.g., prison) strip and rebuild identities.
    • Piaget and Stages of Cognitive Development: Four stages described, focusing on cognitive development progression.

    Chapter 4: Social Structure

    • Status: Socially defined position with expectations, rights, and duties.
    • Master Status: Crucial for social identity and profoundly impacts an individual's life.
    • Ascribed vs. Achieved Status: Ascribed statuses are assigned (e.g., sex, race); achieved are earned (e.g., profession).
    • Status Symbol: Material signs signifying social status.
    • Primary vs. Secondary Groups: Primary groups are intimate; secondary groups are larger and based on shared goals.
    • Formal vs. Secondary Group: Formal groups are structured, while secondary groups are based on shared interests.
    • Functionalist View on Social Institutions: Explains how institutions fulfill essential societal tasks, maintaining order, function of the systems.
    • Manifest and Latent Functions: Manifest functions are intended consequences and latent are unintended.
    • Durkheim and Anomie: Durkheim linked anomie to the breakdown of social order, primarily influenced by industrialization.
    • Role Conflict, Role Strain, and Role-Playing: Examples provided.
    • Importance of Peer Groups to Adolescents: Key to understanding the world and developing social skills.
    • Bourgeoisie and Proletariat (Marx): Different social classes in capitalist society.

    Chapter 5: Groups and Organizations

    • Functionalist, Conflict, and Symbolic Interactionist Views of Social Structures and Society: Detailed above.
    • Primary vs. Secondary Groups: Primary groups are long-term, intimate; secondary groups are larger and based on shared goals.
    • Reference Group: A group influencing behavior and attitudes.
    • In-Groups & Out-Groups: In-groups are those a person belongs to; out-groups are those they do not belong to.
    • Group Conformity and Groupthink: Explained and defined.

    Chapter 6: Deviance

    • Deviance Defined: Behavior, beliefs, or conditions violating social norms.
    • Defining Deviance: Society defines deviance through norms and social reaction.
    • Functionalist View of Deviance: Deviance clarifies rules, unites groups, and promotes social change.
    • Conflict Perspective Theory on Deviance: Deviance is linked to power, inequality, and the use of law to protect the interests of the wealthy.
    • Examples of Informal & Formal Sanctions: Positive and negative sanctions are given for conformity or violations of norms.
    • Deviance Theories (Strain, Control, Differential Association, Labeling): Explained.
    • White-Collar Crime: Non-violent crimes committed by people in positions of power.

    Chapter 10: Sex, Gender, & Sexuality

    • Sex vs. Gender: Sex refers to biological characteristics; gender encompasses societal roles, norms, and relationships.
    • Intersex, Transgender, Gender Role, Gender Identity: Defined.
    • Sexism: Subordination of one sex based on assumed superiority of the other.
    • Intersectionality: Intertwined social/political identities lead to unique discrimination or privileges.
    • Gender Socialization: Learn gender roles from parents, peers, media.
    • Functionalist, Conflict, and Feminist Perspectives on Gender Stratification: Differences provided, functionalist view it as complementary parts, conflict views power struggles while feminist views gender as a constructed system that results in inequality.
    • Human Capital Model: Explains how women's earnings may be lower due to childcare and caregiving responsibilities.

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    Description

    Explore key sociological concepts in the first chapter. Learn about the foundational figures like Comte, Durkheim, Marx, and Weber and their impacts on sociology. This quiz covers important terms like positivism, anomie, and sociological imagination.

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