Sociology Chapter 1 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

Who is known as the founder of sociology?

  • Karl Marx
  • Herbert Spencer
  • Auguste Comte (correct)
  • Max Weber

    • What does Herbert Spencer's social theory emphasize?

    Social Darwinism

    What concept did Emile Durkheim study related to social bonds?

    Social integration

    What did Max Weber argue was central to social change?

    <p>Religion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What theory is Karl Marx associated with?

    <p>Conflict theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What notable work did Harriet Martineau do?

    <p>Translated Comte's work into English</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Jane Addams known for?

    <p>Creating Hull-House</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who spoke out against racism as an African American sociologist?

    <p>W.E.B. Du Bois</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did C. Wright Mills emphasize in his sociological perspective?

    <p>Society influences individual behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does sociological perspective emphasize?

    <p>Understanding human behavior within social context</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is society?

    <p>A group of people who share a culture and territory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does social location refer to?

    <p>All areas of life that you occupy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is positivism?

    <p>Application of the scientific approach to the social world</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of sociology?

    <p>Scientific study of society and human behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a theory in sociology?

    <p>A general statement about how parts of the world fit and work together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does symbolic interactionism focus on?

    <p>How individuals evaluate their conduct by comparing themselves with others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does functional analysis view society as?

    <p>A whole unit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a manifest function?

    <p>Intended to help some part of a system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is conflict theory?

    <p>Groups compete for scarce resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does macro level sociology focus on?

    <p>Large scale patterns of society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is micro level sociology concerned with?

    <p>Social interaction between people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is nonverbal interaction?

    <p>Gestures and use of space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a hypothesis?

    <p>A statement about how variables are expected to relate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are variables in sociology?

    <p>Factors thought to be significant to human behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are research methods in sociology?

    <p>Surveys, case studies, and experiments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a random sample?

    <p>People randomly selected from a target population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'population' refer to in research?

    <p>A target group to be studied</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are closed-ended questions?

    <p>Questions with a list of answers to select from</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Foundational Sociologists

    • Auguste Comte: Established sociology and introduced Positivism, advocating for a scientific approach to understanding society.
    • Herbert Spencer: Advocated Social Darwinism, arguing against aiding the poor; believed in survival of the fittest within society.
    • Emile Durkheim: Focused on social integration, showing a link between weak social bonds and increased suicide rates.
    • Max Weber: Highlighted the role of religion in social change, particularly how Protestantism fostered capitalism through frugality and investment.
    • Karl Marx: Introduced conflict theory; believed economic factors drive social change and encouraged exploited workers to revolt against capitalists.

    Influential Women in Sociology

    • Harriet Martineau: First female sociologist who translated Comte's work and examined social customs in the U.S. while combating sexism.
    • Jane Addams: Established Hull-House to support the marginalized and actively campaigned for labor reforms like child labor laws and improved working conditions.

    Key Concepts and Perspectives

    • W.E.B. Du Bois: Acknowledged the struggles against racism; emphasized the importance of social context in shaping individual experiences and motivations.
    • C. Wright Mills: Introduced the concept of social location, asserting that societal influences shape personal perspectives, especially regarding wealth and power dynamics.

    Fundamental Sociology Terms

    • Sociological Perspective: Understanding human behavior through the lens of social context and recognizing the influence of societal forces.
    • Society: Defined as a collective of individuals sharing a culture and physical territory.
    • Social Location: Encompasses various life aspects (occupation, class, religion, etc.) that shape personal aspirations and beliefs.

    Methodological Frameworks

    • Positivism: The application of scientific principles to analyze society and human behavior.
    • Sociology: The systematic study of society and the behaviors of individuals within a social context.
    • Theory: General explanations outlining the interrelations among societal elements.

    Sociological Theories

    • Symbolic Interactionism: Examines individual interactions and the subjective meanings people assign to their experiences.
    • Functional Analysis: Views society as a complex organism with interconnected parts working together to maintain stability and function.
    • Conflict Theory: Analyzes the competition among societal groups for resources, positing that this competition leads to inequality and social conflict.

    Levels of Sociology

    • Macro Level (Macrosociology): Investigates large-scale social patterns and institutions.
    • Micro Level (Microsociology): Focuses on smaller social interactions among individuals.

    Research Methodology

    • Research methods: Various approaches including surveys, participant observation, case studies, and experiments to gather data.
    • Random Sample: Selection process ensuring each individual in a population has an equal chance of being chosen for study.

    Questions and Variables

    • Closed-ended Questions: Surveys where respondents choose from provided answers.
    • Open-ended Questions: Allow respondents to express their thoughts freely.
    • Hypothesis: Predictive statement about the relationship between variables.
    • Variables: Key factors that can change and influence human behavior.

    Functions and Their Types

    • Functions:
      • Manifest Function: Intended, beneficial consequences of a societal action.
      • Latent Function: Unintended beneficial outcomes.
      • Dysfunction: Negative impacts of societal actions.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of key figures in sociology with these flashcards. This quiz covers foundational concepts including Positivism and Social Darwinism, as well as important contributions by Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, and Emile Durkheim. Perfect for students starting their sociology journey!

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