Questions and Answers
Who is known as the founder of sociology?
What does Herbert Spencer's social theory emphasize?
Social Darwinism
What concept did Emile Durkheim study related to social bonds?
Social integration
What did Max Weber argue was central to social change?
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What theory is Karl Marx associated with?
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What notable work did Harriet Martineau do?
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What was Jane Addams known for?
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Who spoke out against racism as an African American sociologist?
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What did C. Wright Mills emphasize in his sociological perspective?
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What does sociological perspective emphasize?
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What is society?
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What does social location refer to?
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What is positivism?
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What is the definition of sociology?
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What is a theory in sociology?
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What does symbolic interactionism focus on?
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What does functional analysis view society as?
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What is a manifest function?
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What is conflict theory?
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What does macro level sociology focus on?
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What is micro level sociology concerned with?
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What is nonverbal interaction?
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What is a hypothesis?
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What are variables in sociology?
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What are research methods in sociology?
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What is a random sample?
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What does 'population' refer to in research?
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What are closed-ended questions?
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Study Notes
Foundational Sociologists
- Auguste Comte: Established sociology and introduced Positivism, advocating for a scientific approach to understanding society.
- Herbert Spencer: Advocated Social Darwinism, arguing against aiding the poor; believed in survival of the fittest within society.
- Emile Durkheim: Focused on social integration, showing a link between weak social bonds and increased suicide rates.
- Max Weber: Highlighted the role of religion in social change, particularly how Protestantism fostered capitalism through frugality and investment.
- Karl Marx: Introduced conflict theory; believed economic factors drive social change and encouraged exploited workers to revolt against capitalists.
Influential Women in Sociology
- Harriet Martineau: First female sociologist who translated Comte's work and examined social customs in the U.S. while combating sexism.
- Jane Addams: Established Hull-House to support the marginalized and actively campaigned for labor reforms like child labor laws and improved working conditions.
Key Concepts and Perspectives
- W.E.B. Du Bois: Acknowledged the struggles against racism; emphasized the importance of social context in shaping individual experiences and motivations.
- C. Wright Mills: Introduced the concept of social location, asserting that societal influences shape personal perspectives, especially regarding wealth and power dynamics.
Fundamental Sociology Terms
- Sociological Perspective: Understanding human behavior through the lens of social context and recognizing the influence of societal forces.
- Society: Defined as a collective of individuals sharing a culture and physical territory.
- Social Location: Encompasses various life aspects (occupation, class, religion, etc.) that shape personal aspirations and beliefs.
Methodological Frameworks
- Positivism: The application of scientific principles to analyze society and human behavior.
- Sociology: The systematic study of society and the behaviors of individuals within a social context.
- Theory: General explanations outlining the interrelations among societal elements.
Sociological Theories
- Symbolic Interactionism: Examines individual interactions and the subjective meanings people assign to their experiences.
- Functional Analysis: Views society as a complex organism with interconnected parts working together to maintain stability and function.
- Conflict Theory: Analyzes the competition among societal groups for resources, positing that this competition leads to inequality and social conflict.
Levels of Sociology
- Macro Level (Macrosociology): Investigates large-scale social patterns and institutions.
- Micro Level (Microsociology): Focuses on smaller social interactions among individuals.
Research Methodology
- Research methods: Various approaches including surveys, participant observation, case studies, and experiments to gather data.
- Random Sample: Selection process ensuring each individual in a population has an equal chance of being chosen for study.
Questions and Variables
- Closed-ended Questions: Surveys where respondents choose from provided answers.
- Open-ended Questions: Allow respondents to express their thoughts freely.
- Hypothesis: Predictive statement about the relationship between variables.
- Variables: Key factors that can change and influence human behavior.
Functions and Their Types
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Functions:
- Manifest Function: Intended, beneficial consequences of a societal action.
- Latent Function: Unintended beneficial outcomes.
- Dysfunction: Negative impacts of societal actions.
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Description
Test your knowledge of key figures in sociology with these flashcards. This quiz covers foundational concepts including Positivism and Social Darwinism, as well as important contributions by Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, and Emile Durkheim. Perfect for students starting their sociology journey!