120 Questions
What is a key reason why total conformity to an organization is not desirable?
It stifles creativity and self-direction
What is the primary function of external mechanisms of social control?
To impose rewards and punishments
What is the outcome of internalizing societal expectations through the socialization process?
Individuals become self-governing
What is a characteristic of social deviance?
It is a normal part of human behavior
What is the role of rewards and punishments in external social control mechanisms?
They are used to influence people's behavior
What is the relationship between social deviance and social control?
They are interdependent and dynamic
What is the primary goal of social control mechanisms?
To influence people's behavior to conform to expectations
What is a key difference between internal and external mechanisms of social control?
Internal mechanisms are part of the socialization process, while external mechanisms are imposed by others
What is the primary factor that determines deviance?
Informal cultural norms and values
What is the main difference between crime and deviance?
Crime is punishable by law, while deviance is punishable by informal sanctions
What type of crime is characterized by the willing exchange of illegal goods and services?
Victimless crime
Which of the following is an example of a personal crime?
Aggravated assault
What is the primary characteristic of societal norms?
They are determined by informal cultural norms and values
What is the relationship between crime and deviance?
All criminal acts are considered deviant, but not all deviant acts are considered criminal
What is the primary difference between property crime and personal crime?
Property crime involves theft or change of property, while personal crime involves direct harm to people
Why are victimless crimes not considered serious?
They do not have a direct victim or complainant
Which mode of adaptation involves accepting culturally approved goals but rejecting the institutionalized means to achieve them?
Innovation
What is the term for the rejection of both culturally approved goals and institutionalized means, often resulting in a person's withdrawal from society?
Retreatism
According to Edwin Sutherland's Differential Association theory, what is the primary source of learning norms and values?
Associations and interactions with others
Which mode of adaptation involves conforming to institutionalized means but losing sight of one's own goals?
Ritualism
What is the term for the rejection of culturally approved goals and institutionalized means, with the intention of replacing them with an alternative system?
Rebellion
Which mode of adaptation involves accepting both culturally approved goals and institutionalized means?
Conformity
According to Merton's Typology, which mode of adaptation is characterized by a rejection of culturally approved goals but an acceptance of institutionalized means?
Ritualism
What is the outcome of associating with individuals who engage in deviant behavior, according to Edwin Sutherland's Differential Association theory?
The individual is more likely to learn deviant norms and values
What is a common issue faced by chronically mentally ill individuals who are impoverished?
Difficulty in finding and keeping a job
What is a reason for the gender difference in crime rates?
Men are more aggressive due to socialization
What is a consequence of deinstitutionalization of the mentally ill?
An increase in the population of street people
What is a type of white collar crime that involves illegal business practices?
Price fixing
Why do people tend to be wary of ex-mental patients?
Because of the stigma associated with mental illness
What is a reason for the increase in women's participation in crime?
Changes in social roles and expectations
What is a characteristic of how law enforcement officers treat females?
They are more lenient towards females
What is a consequence of the public's perception of the mentally ill?
People care for their pets more than the mentally ill
What is the primary focus of labeling theory?
How and why certain acts are defined as deviant
What is the potential outcome of labeling a primary deviant as a criminal?
Stigma and secondary deviance
What is the broader definition of crime that should be considered in the study of crime?
All breaches of the law, including offences against the person and other types of crimes
Why is it important to analyze the correlation between different types of crimes?
To provide information for defining and implementing strategies that lead to behavior modification
What is the ultimate goal of analyzing crime data?
To provide information that will assist in defining and implementing strategies that lead to behavior modification
What is the relationship between offences against the person and other breaches of the law?
They are highly correlated and often linked
What is the self-fulfilling prophecy in the context of labeling theory?
A prediction that comes true due to the individual's response to the label
What is the significance of the label 'criminal' in the context of labeling theory?
It is a stigma that can lead to secondary deviance
What is the primary reason why many people do not become victims of crime?
Social Control agents are effective in enforcing norms.
What is the significance of norms in a social environment?
They set boundaries for acceptable behavior and define deviance.
What is the relationship between drug use and crime?
Some crimes are motivated by the need to purchase illegal drugs.
What is the consequence of not becoming a victim of crime?
One may still engage in criminal behavior.
What is the primary characteristic of social norms?
They are relative to specific social environments.
What is the primary factor that influences the judgment of an action as deviant?
The cultural norms of the society
What is the outcome of conformity to social norms?
Social order and stability.
Which of the following factors is LEAST important in determining whether an action is deviant?
The physical location of the action
What is the role of agents of Social Control in maintaining social order?
They encourage conformity and enforce norms.
What is the significance of the concept of 'relevance of time' in the context of deviance?
It suggests that normative expectations change over time
What is the relationship between social norms and deviance?
Social norms define deviance and set boundaries for acceptable behavior.
How do cultural norms influence the determination of deviance?
They vary among different social groups
What is the impact of the 'relevance of audience' on the determination of deviance?
It suggests that the judgment of deviance depends on the observer
How do normative expectations change over time?
They change in response to social and cultural changes
What is the significance of the 'relevance of social status' in the context of deviance?
It implies that the judgment of deviance depends on the individual's social characteristics
What is the primary difference between deviance and crime?
Deviance is a behavior that violates social norms, while crime is a behavior that violates legal norms
What percentage of all arrests for violent crimes in the United States are represented by people between the ages of 15 and 24?
39.1%
Which of the following reasons is NOT cited as a factor in the correlation between age and deviant behavior?
Higher education levels
What type of crimes are mainly associated with the middle class?
Fraud and embezzlement
In the UK, what is the age range of the group most involved in crime and deviance?
10-24 years old
What is the main difference between the types of crimes committed by the working class and the middle class?
Working class crimes are more violent, while middle class crimes are more financial
Which of the following is a characteristic of the age group most involved in crime and deviance?
They are more likely to be adventurous and willing to take chances
What is the correlation between social class and type of crime?
Different types of crimes are associated with different social classes
What is the reason for the correlation between age and deviant behavior?
Young people are more likely to be unemployed or employed in low-paid jobs
What is the primary reason why it is impossible to ensure total conformity to an organization?
Because society needs thinkers, not robots
What is the outcome of internalizing societal expectations through the socialization process?
Individuals become self-governing
What is the primary function of external mechanisms of social control?
To impose sanctions and rewards on individuals
What is the relationship between social deviance and social control?
Social deviance is a necessary part of social control
What is the primary difference between internal and external mechanisms of social control?
Internal mechanisms are internalized, while external mechanisms are imposed by others
What is the outcome of testing the rules of authorities in childhood?
Children learn to test rules again
What is the primary characteristic of social deviance?
It is a necessary part of social control
What is the primary reason why society needs thinkers, not robots?
Because thinkers are more creative
What is the primary characteristic of innovation as a mode of adaptation to strain?
Acceptance of goals and rejection of means
Which of the following is an example of retreatism as a mode of adaptation?
A drug user who rejects both means and goals
What is the primary difference between rebellion and innovation as modes of adaptation?
Rebellion involves rejecting culturally approved goals, while innovation involves accepting them
According to Edwin Sutherland's Differential Association theory, what is the primary source of learning norms and values?
Through associations and interactions with others
What is the primary characteristic of ritualism as a mode of adaptation?
Acceptance of means and rejection of goals
Which of the following is an example of conformity as a mode of adaptation?
A person who accepts both means and goals
What is the primary difference between retreatism and rebellion as modes of adaptation?
Retreatism involves rejecting both means and goals, while rebellion involves replacing them with an alternative system
What is the primary characteristic of Merton's Typology of Adaptation to Strain?
It involves five modes of adaptation: conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion
What is the underlying assumption of internal mechanisms of social control?
Society's expectations are internalized through the socialization process.
What is the main reason it is impossible to ensure total conformity to an organization?
Society needs diversity and creativity.
What is the primary function of sanctions in external mechanisms of social control?
To punish deviants and reward conformists.
What is the relationship between socialization and internal mechanisms of social control?
Internal mechanisms of social control rely on socialization to internalize societal expectations.
What is the primary function of informal social control?
To use ridicule, hostility, and ostracism to keep individuals in line
What is the outcome of individuals internalizing societal expectations through the socialization process?
They become self-governing and conform to social norms.
What is the primary purpose of sanctions in a society?
To bring about conformity, solidarity, and continuity in a society
What is the primary difference between internal and external mechanisms of social control?
External mechanisms rely on rewards and punishments, while internal mechanisms rely on internalized expectations.
What type of sanctions involves manipulating the minds of individuals to control their behavior?
Psychological sanctions
What happens when a society decides that a particular sanction is the 'right' way to teach a norm?
The sanction becomes a social norm
What is the role of social control mechanisms in a society?
To influence people's behavior to conform to social norms.
What is the primary difference between formal and informal social control?
Formal social control uses laws and institutionalized punishment, while informal social control uses ridicule and ostracism
What is the relationship between social deviance and social control?
Social control is a response to social deviance.
What is the primary purpose of external mechanisms of social control?
To induce conformity through the threat of institutionalized punishment
What type of sanctions involves the use of physical force or the threat of physical and emotional pain?
Negative sanctions
What is the primary goal of using sanctions in a society?
To bring about conformity and social order
What is the primary consequence of social control failing in a society?
Social disorganization
Why do people often resist social control?
Because they do not believe they will be caught
What is the primary function of norms in a society?
To promote group cohesion and reduce tensions
Why do people commit white collar crimes?
Because they are easy to get away with
What is the primary reason why people need social control?
To protect themselves from their own impulses
Why do people fear and fascinate about crime?
Because it is a threat to social order
What is the primary outcome of socialization in relation to norms?
The internalization of norms
Why do people defy societal norms?
Because they do not believe in the norms
What is a major challenge faced by the justice system in countries with high homicide rates?
Inability to cope with the increasing number of cases
What is a consequence of the delays in trial in countries with high homicide rates?
Detention of persons for inordinately long periods
Why are witnesses not always willing to come forward in countries with high homicide rates?
Lack of confidence in the witness protection system
What is a characteristic of the correctional institutions in countries with high homicide rates?
They are overcrowded and in need of refurbishing
What is being upgraded in the correctional institutions in countries with high homicide rates?
The rehabilitation programs
What is a factor contributing to the high homicide rates in countries such as Guatemala and Venezuela?
Organized crime and drug trafficking
What is a consequence of the compromised trial of some cases in countries with high homicide rates?
Loss of public trust in the justice system
Why do citizens in countries with high homicide rates sometimes apply 'vigilante justice'?
Due to a lack of confidence in the justice system
What is the primary consequence of living in areas plagued by crime and violence?
Considerable reduction in economic and social activities
Why do people in crime-ridden areas tend to not provide their correct addresses when seeking jobs?
Fear of being discriminated against in the selection process
What is the primary challenge in collecting data in these areas?
Safety concerns for interviewers and the communities
What is a consequence of the growth of informal land settlements in urban areas?
High population densities and a haven for criminal activities
What is the primary problem with the penal system?
It is overcrowded and needs to be modernized
Why do schools in violence-prone areas tend to be under-populated?
Due to the fear of violence and safety concerns
What is a consequence of the fear of crime and violence in communities?
Steady migration out of these areas
What is a characteristic of the impact of crime and violence on families?
The social fibre of families is affected, with perpetrators and victims mainly being young males
Test your understanding of deviance and crime, including how they are determined and punished in society. Learn about the differences between formal and informal sanctions, and how cultural norms influence what is considered deviant behavior.
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