Sociology Chapter 1: Deviance and Crime
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Questions and Answers

What is a key reason why total conformity to an organization is not desirable?

  • It leads to increased punishment and reward
  • It fosters deviance and social conflict
  • It promotes internal social control mechanisms
  • It stifles creativity and self-direction (correct)

    • What is the primary function of external mechanisms of social control?

  • To internalize societal expectations
  • To create social conflict
  • To impose rewards and punishments (correct)
  • To promote social deviance

    • What is the outcome of internalizing societal expectations through the socialization process?

  • Individuals become self-governing (correct)
  • Increased deviance and social conflict
  • Society becomes more conformist
  • External mechanisms are no longer needed

    • What is a characteristic of social deviance?

    <p>It is a normal part of human behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of rewards and punishments in external social control mechanisms?

    <p>They are used to influence people's behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between social deviance and social control?

    <p>They are interdependent and dynamic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of social control mechanisms?

    <p>To influence people's behavior to conform to expectations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between internal and external mechanisms of social control?

    <p>Internal mechanisms are part of the socialization process, while external mechanisms are imposed by others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines deviance?

    <p>Informal cultural norms and values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between crime and deviance?

    <p>Crime is punishable by law, while deviance is punishable by informal sanctions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of crime is characterized by the willing exchange of illegal goods and services?

    <p>Victimless crime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a personal crime?

    <p>Aggravated assault</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of societal norms?

    <p>They are determined by informal cultural norms and values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between crime and deviance?

    <p>All criminal acts are considered deviant, but not all deviant acts are considered criminal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between property crime and personal crime?

    <p>Property crime involves theft or change of property, while personal crime involves direct harm to people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are victimless crimes not considered serious?

    <p>They do not have a direct victim or complainant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mode of adaptation involves accepting culturally approved goals but rejecting the institutionalized means to achieve them?

    <p>Innovation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the rejection of both culturally approved goals and institutionalized means, often resulting in a person's withdrawal from society?

    <p>Retreatism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Edwin Sutherland's Differential Association theory, what is the primary source of learning norms and values?

    <p>Associations and interactions with others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mode of adaptation involves conforming to institutionalized means but losing sight of one's own goals?

    <p>Ritualism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the rejection of culturally approved goals and institutionalized means, with the intention of replacing them with an alternative system?

    <p>Rebellion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mode of adaptation involves accepting both culturally approved goals and institutionalized means?

    <p>Conformity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Merton's Typology, which mode of adaptation is characterized by a rejection of culturally approved goals but an acceptance of institutionalized means?

    <p>Ritualism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of associating with individuals who engage in deviant behavior, according to Edwin Sutherland's Differential Association theory?

    <p>The individual is more likely to learn deviant norms and values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common issue faced by chronically mentally ill individuals who are impoverished?

    <p>Difficulty in finding and keeping a job</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a reason for the gender difference in crime rates?

    <p>Men are more aggressive due to socialization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of deinstitutionalization of the mentally ill?

    <p>An increase in the population of street people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a type of white collar crime that involves illegal business practices?

    <p>Price fixing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do people tend to be wary of ex-mental patients?

    <p>Because of the stigma associated with mental illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a reason for the increase in women's participation in crime?

    <p>Changes in social roles and expectations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of how law enforcement officers treat females?

    <p>They are more lenient towards females</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of the public's perception of the mentally ill?

    <p>People care for their pets more than the mentally ill</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of labeling theory?

    <p>How and why certain acts are defined as deviant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential outcome of labeling a primary deviant as a criminal?

    <p>Stigma and secondary deviance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the broader definition of crime that should be considered in the study of crime?

    <p>All breaches of the law, including offences against the person and other types of crimes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to analyze the correlation between different types of crimes?

    <p>To provide information for defining and implementing strategies that lead to behavior modification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate goal of analyzing crime data?

    <p>To provide information that will assist in defining and implementing strategies that lead to behavior modification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between offences against the person and other breaches of the law?

    <p>They are highly correlated and often linked</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the self-fulfilling prophecy in the context of labeling theory?

    <p>A prediction that comes true due to the individual's response to the label</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the label 'criminal' in the context of labeling theory?

    <p>It is a stigma that can lead to secondary deviance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why many people do not become victims of crime?

    <p>Social Control agents are effective in enforcing norms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of norms in a social environment?

    <p>They set boundaries for acceptable behavior and define deviance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between drug use and crime?

    <p>Some crimes are motivated by the need to purchase illegal drugs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of not becoming a victim of crime?

    <p>One may still engage in criminal behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of social norms?

    <p>They are relative to specific social environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that influences the judgment of an action as deviant?

    <p>The cultural norms of the society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of conformity to social norms?

    <p>Social order and stability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is LEAST important in determining whether an action is deviant?

    <p>The physical location of the action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of agents of Social Control in maintaining social order?

    <p>They encourage conformity and enforce norms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the concept of 'relevance of time' in the context of deviance?

    <p>It suggests that normative expectations change over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between social norms and deviance?

    <p>Social norms define deviance and set boundaries for acceptable behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cultural norms influence the determination of deviance?

    <p>They vary among different social groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of the 'relevance of audience' on the determination of deviance?

    <p>It suggests that the judgment of deviance depends on the observer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do normative expectations change over time?

    <p>They change in response to social and cultural changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the 'relevance of social status' in the context of deviance?

    <p>It implies that the judgment of deviance depends on the individual's social characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between deviance and crime?

    <p>Deviance is a behavior that violates social norms, while crime is a behavior that violates legal norms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of all arrests for violent crimes in the United States are represented by people between the ages of 15 and 24?

    <p>39.1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following reasons is NOT cited as a factor in the correlation between age and deviant behavior?

    <p>Higher education levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of crimes are mainly associated with the middle class?

    <p>Fraud and embezzlement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the UK, what is the age range of the group most involved in crime and deviance?

    <p>10-24 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the types of crimes committed by the working class and the middle class?

    <p>Working class crimes are more violent, while middle class crimes are more financial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the age group most involved in crime and deviance?

    <p>They are more likely to be adventurous and willing to take chances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correlation between social class and type of crime?

    <p>Different types of crimes are associated with different social classes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for the correlation between age and deviant behavior?

    <p>Young people are more likely to be unemployed or employed in low-paid jobs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why it is impossible to ensure total conformity to an organization?

    <p>Because society needs thinkers, not robots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of internalizing societal expectations through the socialization process?

    <p>Individuals become self-governing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of external mechanisms of social control?

    <p>To impose sanctions and rewards on individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between social deviance and social control?

    <p>Social deviance is a necessary part of social control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between internal and external mechanisms of social control?

    <p>Internal mechanisms are internalized, while external mechanisms are imposed by others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of testing the rules of authorities in childhood?

    <p>Children learn to test rules again</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of social deviance?

    <p>It is a necessary part of social control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why society needs thinkers, not robots?

    <p>Because thinkers are more creative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of innovation as a mode of adaptation to strain?

    <p>Acceptance of goals and rejection of means</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of retreatism as a mode of adaptation?

    <p>A drug user who rejects both means and goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between rebellion and innovation as modes of adaptation?

    <p>Rebellion involves rejecting culturally approved goals, while innovation involves accepting them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Edwin Sutherland's Differential Association theory, what is the primary source of learning norms and values?

    <p>Through associations and interactions with others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of ritualism as a mode of adaptation?

    <p>Acceptance of means and rejection of goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of conformity as a mode of adaptation?

    <p>A person who accepts both means and goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between retreatism and rebellion as modes of adaptation?

    <p>Retreatism involves rejecting both means and goals, while rebellion involves replacing them with an alternative system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of Merton's Typology of Adaptation to Strain?

    <p>It involves five modes of adaptation: conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the underlying assumption of internal mechanisms of social control?

    <p>Society's expectations are internalized through the socialization process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason it is impossible to ensure total conformity to an organization?

    <p>Society needs diversity and creativity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of sanctions in external mechanisms of social control?

    <p>To punish deviants and reward conformists.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between socialization and internal mechanisms of social control?

    <p>Internal mechanisms of social control rely on socialization to internalize societal expectations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of informal social control?

    <p>To use ridicule, hostility, and ostracism to keep individuals in line</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of individuals internalizing societal expectations through the socialization process?

    <p>They become self-governing and conform to social norms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of sanctions in a society?

    <p>To bring about conformity, solidarity, and continuity in a society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between internal and external mechanisms of social control?

    <p>External mechanisms rely on rewards and punishments, while internal mechanisms rely on internalized expectations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sanctions involves manipulating the minds of individuals to control their behavior?

    <p>Psychological sanctions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a society decides that a particular sanction is the 'right' way to teach a norm?

    <p>The sanction becomes a social norm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of social control mechanisms in a society?

    <p>To influence people's behavior to conform to social norms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between formal and informal social control?

    <p>Formal social control uses laws and institutionalized punishment, while informal social control uses ridicule and ostracism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between social deviance and social control?

    <p>Social control is a response to social deviance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of external mechanisms of social control?

    <p>To induce conformity through the threat of institutionalized punishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sanctions involves the use of physical force or the threat of physical and emotional pain?

    <p>Negative sanctions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of using sanctions in a society?

    <p>To bring about conformity and social order</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of social control failing in a society?

    <p>Social disorganization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do people often resist social control?

    <p>Because they do not believe they will be caught</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of norms in a society?

    <p>To promote group cohesion and reduce tensions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do people commit white collar crimes?

    <p>Because they are easy to get away with</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why people need social control?

    <p>To protect themselves from their own impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do people fear and fascinate about crime?

    <p>Because it is a threat to social order</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of socialization in relation to norms?

    <p>The internalization of norms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do people defy societal norms?

    <p>Because they do not believe in the norms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major challenge faced by the justice system in countries with high homicide rates?

    <p>Inability to cope with the increasing number of cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of the delays in trial in countries with high homicide rates?

    <p>Detention of persons for inordinately long periods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are witnesses not always willing to come forward in countries with high homicide rates?

    <p>Lack of confidence in the witness protection system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the correctional institutions in countries with high homicide rates?

    <p>They are overcrowded and in need of refurbishing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is being upgraded in the correctional institutions in countries with high homicide rates?

    <p>The rehabilitation programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a factor contributing to the high homicide rates in countries such as Guatemala and Venezuela?

    <p>Organized crime and drug trafficking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of the compromised trial of some cases in countries with high homicide rates?

    <p>Loss of public trust in the justice system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do citizens in countries with high homicide rates sometimes apply 'vigilante justice'?

    <p>Due to a lack of confidence in the justice system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of living in areas plagued by crime and violence?

    <p>Considerable reduction in economic and social activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do people in crime-ridden areas tend to not provide their correct addresses when seeking jobs?

    <p>Fear of being discriminated against in the selection process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary challenge in collecting data in these areas?

    <p>Safety concerns for interviewers and the communities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of the growth of informal land settlements in urban areas?

    <p>High population densities and a haven for criminal activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary problem with the penal system?

    <p>It is overcrowded and needs to be modernized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do schools in violence-prone areas tend to be under-populated?

    <p>Due to the fear of violence and safety concerns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of the fear of crime and violence in communities?

    <p>Steady migration out of these areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the impact of crime and violence on families?

    <p>The social fibre of families is affected, with perpetrators and victims mainly being young males</p> Signup and view all the answers

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