Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the term used for excessive individuation that leads to feelings of loneliness and disconnection?
What is the term used for excessive individuation that leads to feelings of loneliness and disconnection?
- Fatalistic suicide
- Egoistic suicide (correct)
- Anomic suicide
- Altruistic suicide
Which mode of adaptation involves accepting social goals but rejecting the means to achieve them?
Which mode of adaptation involves accepting social goals but rejecting the means to achieve them?
- Ritualism
- Conformity
- Innovation (correct)
- Rebellion
How does deviance function in society according to the presented concepts?
How does deviance function in society according to the presented concepts?
- It tests boundaries and can lead to social change. (correct)
- It maintains the status quo without change.
- It only creates social tensions.
- It indicates a lack of moral values.
Which type of suicide is associated with social deregulation and rapid social change?
Which type of suicide is associated with social deregulation and rapid social change?
What does Merton argue is the primary issue with the American Dream concept?
What does Merton argue is the primary issue with the American Dream concept?
What event is cited as an example of deviance testing moral boundaries?
What event is cited as an example of deviance testing moral boundaries?
Which type of suicide is characterized by excessive social regulation and a lack of personal autonomy?
Which type of suicide is characterized by excessive social regulation and a lack of personal autonomy?
Merton's analysis of social structure and anomie places emphasis on which level of analysis?
Merton's analysis of social structure and anomie places emphasis on which level of analysis?
What term describes actions or statements made before the act of deviance?
What term describes actions or statements made before the act of deviance?
According to Hirschi's Control/Bond Theory, what primarily prevents individuals from engaging in deviance?
According to Hirschi's Control/Bond Theory, what primarily prevents individuals from engaging in deviance?
What is the role of 'attachment' in preventing delinquency, according to Hirschi's theory?
What is the role of 'attachment' in preventing delinquency, according to Hirschi's theory?
What does 'commitment' in Hirschi's theory refer to?
What does 'commitment' in Hirschi's theory refer to?
What statement reflects Hirschi's view on 'involvement'?
What statement reflects Hirschi's view on 'involvement'?
Which element is NOT a factor in Hirschi’s reasons for not engaging in deviance?
Which element is NOT a factor in Hirschi’s reasons for not engaging in deviance?
What conclusion did Hirschi reach regarding attachment to parents and delinquency?
What conclusion did Hirschi reach regarding attachment to parents and delinquency?
According to Hirschi's critiques, how does he view the severity of minor crimes compared to serious ones?
According to Hirschi's critiques, how does he view the severity of minor crimes compared to serious ones?
What primarily contributes to the deviance of the poor, according to the provided content?
What primarily contributes to the deviance of the poor, according to the provided content?
Which group has historically faced criminalization during protests like the G20 summit and Occupy Wall Street?
Which group has historically faced criminalization during protests like the G20 summit and Occupy Wall Street?
According to Marxist conflict theory, what is often used to legitimize the disparity between the wealthy and the poor?
According to Marxist conflict theory, what is often used to legitimize the disparity between the wealthy and the poor?
What aspect of deviant subcultures did the University of Chicago's early 20th-century anthropological influence highlight?
What aspect of deviant subcultures did the University of Chicago's early 20th-century anthropological influence highlight?
Which technique of neutralization involves assigning blame to external factors for one's actions?
Which technique of neutralization involves assigning blame to external factors for one's actions?
Which theory by Albert Cohen addresses the formation and reasons behind subcultures?
Which theory by Albert Cohen addresses the formation and reasons behind subcultures?
How do offenders use the technique of denial of victim?
How do offenders use the technique of denial of victim?
What did Robert Park's sociological approach emphasize regarding urban environments?
What did Robert Park's sociological approach emphasize regarding urban environments?
What does the 'metaphor of the ledger' imply about an offender's actions?
What does the 'metaphor of the ledger' imply about an offender's actions?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a reason for the origins of crime?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a reason for the origins of crime?
How do laws generally impact the sentencing of the wealthy versus the poor, according to the information shared?
How do laws generally impact the sentencing of the wealthy versus the poor, according to the information shared?
What criticism is raised regarding the techniques of neutralization theory?
What criticism is raised regarding the techniques of neutralization theory?
In the context of Sykes and Matza's findings, what does 'condemning the condemners' allow offenders to do?
In the context of Sykes and Matza's findings, what does 'condemning the condemners' allow offenders to do?
Which technique involves committing an act due to loyalty to a cause perceived as greater?
Which technique involves committing an act due to loyalty to a cause perceived as greater?
What is a primary concern regarding juvenile delinquents as noted by Sykes and Matza?
What is a primary concern regarding juvenile delinquents as noted by Sykes and Matza?
What role does 'defense of necessity' play in the context of techniques of neutralization?
What role does 'defense of necessity' play in the context of techniques of neutralization?
What is one of the primary reasons individuals with deviant interests seek online communities?
What is one of the primary reasons individuals with deviant interests seek online communities?
What aspect distinguishes online subcultures from offline ones?
What aspect distinguishes online subcultures from offline ones?
In the context of cyber communities for self-injurers, what do these individuals primarily experience?
In the context of cyber communities for self-injurers, what do these individuals primarily experience?
Which term best describes the phenomenon where individuals with similar troubled backgrounds gather online around shared interests?
Which term best describes the phenomenon where individuals with similar troubled backgrounds gather online around shared interests?
What notion is central to the identity of individuals in the involuntary celibate (incel) subculture?
What notion is central to the identity of individuals in the involuntary celibate (incel) subculture?
How does Cohen's model relate to online subcultures today?
How does Cohen's model relate to online subcultures today?
What element do online communities provide that facilitates member interaction?
What element do online communities provide that facilitates member interaction?
In the case of school shootings, what aspect did the community members exhibit?
In the case of school shootings, what aspect did the community members exhibit?
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Study Notes
Anomie and Suicide
- Durkheim identified four types of suicide: egoistic, altruistic, anomic, and fatalistic.
- Egoistic suicide is characterized by excessive individualism and a lack of social integration.
- Altruistic suicide occurs when individuals are overly integrated into a group or organization.
- Anomic suicide results from a breakdown of social norms and regulations, leaving individuals feeling lost and disoriented.
- Fatalistic suicide arises from excessive social control and regulation, leading to feelings of hopelessness and despair.
Deviance
- Deviance refers to any behavior that violates social norms and expectations.
- Deviance can challenge existing social boundaries, bring about social change, and provide a release valve for social tensions.
Merton's Strain Theory
- Merton argued that deviance arises from a discrepancy between culturally valued goals and the legitimate means to achieve them.
- He identified five modes of individual adaptation to this strain: conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion.
Techniques of Neutralization
- Sykes and Matza proposed that individuals rationalize and neutralize their deviant acts to reduce guilt and maintain a sense of moral legitimacy.
- Techniques of neutralization include denial of responsibility, denial of injury, denial of victim, appeal to higher loyalties, and condemning the condemners.
Hirschi's Control Theory
- Hirschi argued that social bonds act as a form of social control, preventing individuals from engaging in deviant behavior.
- He identified four types of social bonds: attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief.
Marxist Conflict Theory
- Marxist conflict theory suggests that deviance is a product of power relations and social inequality.
- The powerful use their resources to define and criminalize behaviors that threaten their interests.
Deviant Subcultures
- Deviant subcultures are groups with distinct values, attitudes, and behaviors that deviate from dominant culture.
- Subcultures often emerge as a response to social marginalization or shared problems.
Online Subcultures
- Online subcultures exhibit many similarities to offline subcultures but also possess unique qualities.
- Anonymity, ephemeral membership, and the ability to "try on" new identities are key characteristics of online subcultures.
Comparing Online and Offline Subcultures
- Cohen's model of subculture formation still applies to online environments but with some variations.
- The online sphere allows for greater anonymity, less regulated membership, and less clear hierarchies.
Examples of Online Subcultures
- Cyber self-injurers find validation, support, and shared identity in online communities.
- School shooters often develop an interest in previous shootings and share similar ideologies.
- Incel subculture is characterized by resentment toward women, views of female dominance, and a belief in male oppression.
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