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Questions and Answers
What is a possible reason for poor families having more girls?
What is a possible reason for poor families having more girls?
What happens to the earnings of men and women after the first child arrives?
What happens to the earnings of men and women after the first child arrives?
What is a possible consequence of the presence of women in an occupation?
What is a possible consequence of the presence of women in an occupation?
What is a possible reason for girls receiving less nutrition than boys?
What is a possible reason for girls receiving less nutrition than boys?
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What is a possible outcome of gender disparity in mortality?
What is a possible outcome of gender disparity in mortality?
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What is a possible reason for missing unmarried women?
What is a possible reason for missing unmarried women?
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What was the primary focus of heavy industries during the Stagnation Period in the USSR?
What was the primary focus of heavy industries during the Stagnation Period in the USSR?
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What was the result of forced relocation of resources from agriculture to industry in the USSR?
What was the result of forced relocation of resources from agriculture to industry in the USSR?
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What was the role of Gosplan in the USSR?
What was the role of Gosplan in the USSR?
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What was introduced by President Gorbachev in 1985-1991?
What was introduced by President Gorbachev in 1985-1991?
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What was the result of the decentralizing reforms introduced by President Gorbachev?
What was the result of the decentralizing reforms introduced by President Gorbachev?
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What happened to the USSR in 1991?
What happened to the USSR in 1991?
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What was the result of the transformation of the Soviet economy from rural to industrial?
What was the result of the transformation of the Soviet economy from rural to industrial?
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What was the result of collectivization of agriculture in Russia?
What was the result of collectivization of agriculture in Russia?
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What was a major consequence of rapid urbanization during the Industrial Revolution?
What was a major consequence of rapid urbanization during the Industrial Revolution?
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What was a key factor contributing to the decline in mortality rates?
What was a key factor contributing to the decline in mortality rates?
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What was a major drawback of industrialization?
What was a major drawback of industrialization?
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What was the role of democratization in mortality decline?
What was the role of democratization in mortality decline?
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What is a characteristic of a polyarchy?
What is a characteristic of a polyarchy?
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What is the Median Voter Theorem?
What is the Median Voter Theorem?
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What is the consequence of high inequality in a society?
What is the consequence of high inequality in a society?
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What is the relationship between democratization and economic growth?
What is the relationship between democratization and economic growth?
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What is the role of the median voter in democratic policy making?
What is the role of the median voter in democratic policy making?
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What is a consequence of a return to inequality?
What is a consequence of a return to inequality?
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What is the primary focus of globalization?
What is the primary focus of globalization?
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How can we measure the extent of globalization in trade?
How can we measure the extent of globalization in trade?
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What is the term used to describe the period of time when people consume expensive and high-quality goods?
What is the term used to describe the period of time when people consume expensive and high-quality goods?
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What is the main driver of globalization according to the text?
What is the main driver of globalization according to the text?
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What is the result of lowering transportation costs?
What is the result of lowering transportation costs?
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What is the term used to describe the integration of markets across different locations?
What is the term used to describe the integration of markets across different locations?
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What is one way to promote trade with a country?
What is one way to promote trade with a country?
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What was the result of the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869?
What was the result of the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869?
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What is the term used to describe the process of reducing tariffs and other protectionist measures?
What is the term used to describe the process of reducing tariffs and other protectionist measures?
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What is the relationship between transportation costs and economic growth?
What is the relationship between transportation costs and economic growth?
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What was the main purpose of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) established in 1947?
What was the main purpose of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) established in 1947?
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What was the outcome of the Uruguay round of GATT negotiations from 1982 to 1994?
What was the outcome of the Uruguay round of GATT negotiations from 1982 to 1994?
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What was the characteristic of the model of organization of multinational firms during the second wave of globalization?
What was the characteristic of the model of organization of multinational firms during the second wave of globalization?
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What was the period of time referred to as the 'golden age' for the entire world during the second wave of globalization?
What was the period of time referred to as the 'golden age' for the entire world during the second wave of globalization?
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Which countries were the winners of the second wave of globalization?
Which countries were the winners of the second wave of globalization?
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What was the characteristic of the technology during the second wave of globalization?
What was the characteristic of the technology during the second wave of globalization?
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What was the trend of commerce during the second wave of globalization?
What was the trend of commerce during the second wave of globalization?
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What was the characteristic of capital movement during the second wave of globalization?
What was the characteristic of capital movement during the second wave of globalization?
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What was the trend of migration during the second wave of globalization?
What was the trend of migration during the second wave of globalization?
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What was the impact of the second wave of globalization on public health and mortality?
What was the impact of the second wave of globalization on public health and mortality?
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Study Notes
Employment and Welfare
- Evidence suggests that girls are provided with less nutrition than boys.
- Differential educational investments by gender, with poor families having more girls and thus lower resources to invest in education.
- Gender pay gap: the presence of women in an occupation leads to lower average pay due to gender devaluation.
Mortality
- Selective abortion or excess mortality.
- Recent evidence on missing unmarried women.
Globalization
- Refers to market integration, with higher flows of goods and factors suggesting more integration between economies.
- Measured by the share of exports as a percentage of GDP over time.
- The "three waves of globalization" are:
- 19th century to World War I
- World War II to the 1970s (Bretton Woods system)
- Post 1970s–present
- Factors affecting the extent of globalization include:
- Transportation costs
- Political factors (colonialism, tariffs, exchange rates, international relations)
- Wars and diplomatic disputes
Multinational Firms
- The US model of enterprises spread over the world, with the 2nd wave of globalization marking the diffusion of the American model.
- Characteristics of multinational firms:
- Headquarters and R&D units in the country of origin
- Subsidiary companies for commercialization and production abroad
Effects of Globalization
- Convergence of gross domestic output in Western Europe and Japan to the USA
- Decolonization started in Africa and Asia, but did not stimulate economic take-off
- Russia and China remained at the periphery of globalization due to their closed economy models
Time, Technology, and Political Leadership
- Three waves of globalization:
- 1860-1914: Steam engine, telegraph, electricity
- 1944-1971: Satellites, jet planes, TV
- 1989-present: Microprocessors, internet, mobile phones, AI
- Political leadership:
- UK in the 1st wave
- USA in the 2nd wave
- USA, EU, and China in the 3rd wave
Public Health and Declining Mortality
- Government interventions on public health
- Industrial revolution led to rapid urbanization, with high mortality and low life expectancy
- Air pollution and public health interventions:
- Widespread coal usage led to high air pollution
- Pollution regulations were implemented slowly
- Improvements in sanitation and medical technology led to declines in mortality
Democratization
- Emergence of public health places, intervention in individual lives, and provision of healthcare for all
- Factors affecting democratization:
- Property rights protection
- Economic growth
- Reduced risk of expropriation
- Autocrats and bad decision-making
- Measuring democracy:
- Freedom House
- Polity IV
- V-Dem (Varieties of democracy)
- Economic origins of democracy:
- Democratization is a choice by the rich when faced by the threat of a revolution
- Democratization happens at middling levels of inequality
Waves of Democratization
- Three waves of democratization:
- Early 19th century to 1920s
- After WW2
- 1970s onwards, including the fall of communism
- Types of democracy:
- Closed autocracy
- Electoral autocracy
- Electoral democracy
- Liberal democracy
- Illiberal democracy
Inequality and Growth
- A return to inequality is harmful for growth
- The median voter chooses taxes, and the more unequal the society, the greater the gap between the median and mean voter
- More inequality leads to higher taxes, which deter work and/or investment
- Rent-seeking and low public goods provision
Winners and Losers from Democracy
-
The median voter theorem:
- Helps analyze democratic policy-making
- Determines the winners and losers from democracy
- Predicts convergence in policy between candidates### The Soviet Economy
-
Heavy industries were prioritized during the Soviet era
-
The Stagnation Period (1970-1980) under Brezhnev was characterized by low productivity, shortages, and dependence on natural resources
Big Push Industrialization
- The Soviet Union attempted to build all the elements of an industrial society through coordinated efforts
- Examples of this approach include Soviet Russia, China, and other East Asian countries after WW2
- The USSR forcibly relocated resources from agriculture to industry, leading to starvation after collectivization of agriculture
- Planners set prices, and the government controlled development through various methods, including subsidizing urban living conditions and removing economic incentives for production
- Incentives were given to prioritize quantity over quality, leading to a decrease in consumption to support growth
The USSR (1922-1991)
- The USSR was a union of 15 Soviet republics
- Gosplan (State Planning Committee) was responsible for economic planning, including wages, prices, and production
- The 1928 Five Years plan was introduced for the development of the USSR
- From 1985 to 1991, President Gorbachev introduced decentralizing reforms, including Glasnost (transparency) and Perestroika (restructuring of the national economic system)
Reforms and Dissolution
- Glasnost introduced semi-free elections and ended censorship
- Perestroika led to the restructuring of state-owned enterprises, the introduction of new small cooperatives, private property, foreign trade, and investments
- However, price controls, controls over means of production, and consumer price subsidies remained
- The people demanded freedom, political transparency, and higher standards of living, leading to calls for independence from the republics
- The USSR formally dissolved on December 26, 1991
Socialism in Soviet Russia
- The Soviet economy transformed from rural to industrial, with a fourfold increase in steel output and a doubling of the labor force between 1922 and 1932
- The percentage of industrial workers in the workforce tripled during this period
- Vast industrial production was achieved, but living standards remained the same
- Socialism was seen as a threat to the capitalist economy
Agriculture in Russia
- Collectivization of agriculture led to starvation and food shortages due to the relocation of resources from agriculture to industry
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Description
This quiz covers various aspects of sociology, including employment, welfare, domestic violence, health indicators, mortality, education, and demographic trends.
