Sociology and Demographics Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is a possible reason for poor families having more girls?

  • Gender devaluation
  • Selective abortion
  • Fertility stopping behavior (correct)
  • Lack of access to education
  • What happens to the earnings of men and women after the first child arrives?

  • They remain parallel
  • They stagnate
  • They diverge (correct)
  • They converge
  • What is a possible consequence of the presence of women in an occupation?

  • No change in average pay
  • Lower average pay (correct)
  • Unchanged gender devaluation
  • Higher average pay
  • What is a possible reason for girls receiving less nutrition than boys?

    <p>Some evidence suggests this bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible outcome of gender disparity in mortality?

    <p>Selective abortion or excess mortality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible reason for missing unmarried women?

    <p>Recent evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary focus of heavy industries during the Stagnation Period in the USSR?

    <p>Industrialization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of forced relocation of resources from agriculture to industry in the USSR?

    <p>Starvation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the role of Gosplan in the USSR?

    <p>State planning committee responsible for economic planning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was introduced by President Gorbachev in 1985-1991?

    <p>Glasnost and Perestroika</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of the decentralizing reforms introduced by President Gorbachev?

    <p>End of censorship and semi-free elections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happened to the USSR in 1991?

    <p>It was dissolved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of the transformation of the Soviet economy from rural to industrial?

    <p>Steal output increased by four times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of collectivization of agriculture in Russia?

    <p>Starvation due to food shortages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major consequence of rapid urbanization during the Industrial Revolution?

    <p>Higher mortality rates and low life expectancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key factor contributing to the decline in mortality rates?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major drawback of industrialization?

    <p>Facilitated the spread of diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the role of democratization in mortality decline?

    <p>It led to decreased mortality rates through public health interventions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a polyarchy?

    <p>Free and fair elections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Median Voter Theorem?

    <p>A model that predicts the optimal policy choice of a candidate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of high inequality in a society?

    <p>Higher taxes and deterred work and investment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between democratization and economic growth?

    <p>Democratization leads to increased economic growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the median voter in democratic policy making?

    <p>The median voter is the only one who matters in democracy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of a return to inequality?

    <p>Harmful to growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of globalization?

    <p>Trade and production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can we measure the extent of globalization in trade?

    <p>By calculating the share of exports as a percentage of GDP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the period of time when people consume expensive and high-quality goods?

    <p>Conspicuous consumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main driver of globalization according to the text?

    <p>China</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of lowering transportation costs?

    <p>A decrease in the costs of goods in the market</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the integration of markets across different locations?

    <p>Market integration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way to promote trade with a country?

    <p>By lowering tariffs on imports from that country</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869?

    <p>A reduction in the time it takes to travel across the Atlantic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the process of reducing tariffs and other protectionist measures?

    <p>Liberalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between transportation costs and economic growth?

    <p>Lower transportation costs lead to higher economic growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main purpose of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) established in 1947?

    <p>To dismantle the protectionism of previous decades</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the Uruguay round of GATT negotiations from 1982 to 1994?

    <p>The establishment of a permanent organization to regulate trade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the characteristic of the model of organization of multinational firms during the second wave of globalization?

    <p>Headquarters and R&amp;D units in the country of origin, and subsidiary companies for commercialization and production abroad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the period of time referred to as the 'golden age' for the entire world during the second wave of globalization?

    <p>1945-1970</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which countries were the winners of the second wave of globalization?

    <p>Western Europe and Japan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the characteristic of the technology during the second wave of globalization?

    <p>Use of jet planes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the trend of commerce during the second wave of globalization?

    <p>Gradually reduced tariffs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the characteristic of capital movement during the second wave of globalization?

    <p>Regulated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the trend of migration during the second wave of globalization?

    <p>Regulated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the impact of the second wave of globalization on public health and mortality?

    <p>Decline in mortality rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Employment and Welfare

    • Evidence suggests that girls are provided with less nutrition than boys.
    • Differential educational investments by gender, with poor families having more girls and thus lower resources to invest in education.
    • Gender pay gap: the presence of women in an occupation leads to lower average pay due to gender devaluation.

    Mortality

    • Selective abortion or excess mortality.
    • Recent evidence on missing unmarried women.

    Globalization

    • Refers to market integration, with higher flows of goods and factors suggesting more integration between economies.
    • Measured by the share of exports as a percentage of GDP over time.
    • The "three waves of globalization" are:
      1. 19th century to World War I
      2. World War II to the 1970s (Bretton Woods system)
      3. Post 1970s–present
    • Factors affecting the extent of globalization include:
      • Transportation costs
      • Political factors (colonialism, tariffs, exchange rates, international relations)
      • Wars and diplomatic disputes

    Multinational Firms

    • The US model of enterprises spread over the world, with the 2nd wave of globalization marking the diffusion of the American model.
    • Characteristics of multinational firms:
      • Headquarters and R&D units in the country of origin
      • Subsidiary companies for commercialization and production abroad

    Effects of Globalization

    • Convergence of gross domestic output in Western Europe and Japan to the USA
    • Decolonization started in Africa and Asia, but did not stimulate economic take-off
    • Russia and China remained at the periphery of globalization due to their closed economy models

    Time, Technology, and Political Leadership

    • Three waves of globalization:
      1. 1860-1914: Steam engine, telegraph, electricity
      2. 1944-1971: Satellites, jet planes, TV
      3. 1989-present: Microprocessors, internet, mobile phones, AI
    • Political leadership:
      1. UK in the 1st wave
      2. USA in the 2nd wave
      3. USA, EU, and China in the 3rd wave

    Public Health and Declining Mortality

    • Government interventions on public health
    • Industrial revolution led to rapid urbanization, with high mortality and low life expectancy
    • Air pollution and public health interventions:
      • Widespread coal usage led to high air pollution
      • Pollution regulations were implemented slowly
      • Improvements in sanitation and medical technology led to declines in mortality

    Democratization

    • Emergence of public health places, intervention in individual lives, and provision of healthcare for all
    • Factors affecting democratization:
      • Property rights protection
      • Economic growth
      • Reduced risk of expropriation
      • Autocrats and bad decision-making
    • Measuring democracy:
      • Freedom House
      • Polity IV
      • V-Dem (Varieties of democracy)
    • Economic origins of democracy:
      • Democratization is a choice by the rich when faced by the threat of a revolution
      • Democratization happens at middling levels of inequality

    Waves of Democratization

    • Three waves of democratization:
      1. Early 19th century to 1920s
      2. After WW2
      3. 1970s onwards, including the fall of communism
    • Types of democracy:
      • Closed autocracy
      • Electoral autocracy
      • Electoral democracy
      • Liberal democracy
      • Illiberal democracy

    Inequality and Growth

    • A return to inequality is harmful for growth
    • The median voter chooses taxes, and the more unequal the society, the greater the gap between the median and mean voter
    • More inequality leads to higher taxes, which deter work and/or investment
    • Rent-seeking and low public goods provision

    Winners and Losers from Democracy

    • The median voter theorem:

      • Helps analyze democratic policy-making
      • Determines the winners and losers from democracy
      • Predicts convergence in policy between candidates### The Soviet Economy
    • Heavy industries were prioritized during the Soviet era

    • The Stagnation Period (1970-1980) under Brezhnev was characterized by low productivity, shortages, and dependence on natural resources

    Big Push Industrialization

    • The Soviet Union attempted to build all the elements of an industrial society through coordinated efforts
    • Examples of this approach include Soviet Russia, China, and other East Asian countries after WW2
    • The USSR forcibly relocated resources from agriculture to industry, leading to starvation after collectivization of agriculture
    • Planners set prices, and the government controlled development through various methods, including subsidizing urban living conditions and removing economic incentives for production
    • Incentives were given to prioritize quantity over quality, leading to a decrease in consumption to support growth

    The USSR (1922-1991)

    • The USSR was a union of 15 Soviet republics
    • Gosplan (State Planning Committee) was responsible for economic planning, including wages, prices, and production
    • The 1928 Five Years plan was introduced for the development of the USSR
    • From 1985 to 1991, President Gorbachev introduced decentralizing reforms, including Glasnost (transparency) and Perestroika (restructuring of the national economic system)

    Reforms and Dissolution

    • Glasnost introduced semi-free elections and ended censorship
    • Perestroika led to the restructuring of state-owned enterprises, the introduction of new small cooperatives, private property, foreign trade, and investments
    • However, price controls, controls over means of production, and consumer price subsidies remained
    • The people demanded freedom, political transparency, and higher standards of living, leading to calls for independence from the republics
    • The USSR formally dissolved on December 26, 1991

    Socialism in Soviet Russia

    • The Soviet economy transformed from rural to industrial, with a fourfold increase in steel output and a doubling of the labor force between 1922 and 1932
    • The percentage of industrial workers in the workforce tripled during this period
    • Vast industrial production was achieved, but living standards remained the same
    • Socialism was seen as a threat to the capitalist economy

    Agriculture in Russia

    • Collectivization of agriculture led to starvation and food shortages due to the relocation of resources from agriculture to industry

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    Description

    This quiz covers various aspects of sociology, including employment, welfare, domestic violence, health indicators, mortality, education, and demographic trends.

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