Sociology 101 Quiz Study Guide

Study Notes

This quiz is for the Introduction to Sociology online class.
The study guide can be used during the quiz, and students can adjust the space between questions to save paper.
It is recommended to fill out the study guide to help with summarizing answers.

There are two main macro-level perspectives: Functionalism (also known as Structural-Functionalism) and Conflict Theory (also known as Social Conflict Theory).
These perspectives are discussed in Chapter 1 of the Macionis textbook.

The central notion of functionalism is that social institutions work together to maintain social order.
Five major assumptions of functionalism: • Society is a system with interdependent parts. • Each part of the system has a specific function. • The system strives for equilibrium and stability. • Change is gradual and incremental. • Social institutions are functional and necessary for the system.
Functionalism is primarily associated with conservative and status-quo political movements.
This perspective was most popular in the 1940s and 1950s.

The basic premise of conflict theory is that society is divided into different groups with competing interests.
Four basic assumptions of conflict theory: • Society is divided into those who have power and those who do not. • Resources are scarce and lead to competition. • Conflict is a natural and inevitable part of society. • Change occurs through conflict and revolution.
Conflict theory is associated with liberal and radical political orientations.
Karl Marx has had a significant influence on the conflict perspective.

Basic ideas and assumptions of Marxist theory: • The means of production and capital are key to understanding society. • The ruling class uses ideology to maintain power and control. • The economic system is supported by the political system, social institutions, and culture. • False consciousness occurs when the working class is unaware of their true interests.

Ideology: a set of beliefs and values that justify the power of the ruling class.
Means of production: the resources and tools used to produce goods and services.
Capital: the wealth and resources owned by the ruling class.
False consciousness: when the working class is unaware of their true interests.
Divine right of kings: the idea that monarchs are divinely appointed to rule.